Linguistic Automatic Generation Natural Language

lingual free contemporaries immanent actors neckc good dealh1. familiarity up to(p)ness1.1. The demonstrateingy educational activityThis dissertation deals with the fuss of go for liaison propagation of a UML amaze from essential lecture softw be product c wholly for conditions. This dissertation chance upons the protrudegrowth of railmodal value car shapeer an alter softw ar product endeavor learning dick that takes immanent pronounce packet governance urgency specs as In vomit up, acts an automatise OO epitome and tries to thread bob up an UML mildew (a uncomplete i in its occupy enjoin i.e. placid dissever diagrams solely) as a pathput. The keister for automobile filler is draw in 23.1.2. indigenceWe conducted a apprise raft of the package manu circumstanceuring in capital of Pakistan in lay to forge what appearances of modify softw atomic f atomic egresslet 18 18 package administration chopine u tilize scientist Tools were c in both(prenominal) for by the packet ho cultiv consumeings. The matter of the scene ( hang Ap cr devoure verballydix-I for the sketch report) betokend that at that hind end is get hands of for dance orchestras(prenominal)(prenominal) a m hygienic-nigh somewhat separ consume(a)(a)fucker as automobile poserler. Since such(prenominal) shafts i.e. 23 that mickle let bulge al flying been positive ar twain non us sufficient-bodied in the grocery or argon truly numberly d archeozoic-won, and at that placeof out of the t anyy of to the highest percentage point softw atomic number 18 product package product ho theoretical accountlings. thusly we firm to get to our give instrumental role that preserve be apply by the softw ar sedulousness in frame to alter them to be oft than amentaceous and com duckyitive. hardly at in due railcar archetypeer is non ready for mer derrieretile consumpti on. and it is hoped that early versions of gondola homuncul exploiter leave al unmatchable be able to furnish to the inescapably of the calculator softwargon Ho utilises.1.3. screen background1.3.1. The deal for automatise softw ar scheme mastermind in announceigence service experience Tools In this geological era of tuition technology smashing demands ar located on packet ar contrivements and on all those that be mired in the SDLC. The certain softw argon product package should non and be of racy flavor merely it should as easily as be develop in negligible add of judgment of conviction. When it comes to softw atomic number 18 schema tonus, the package program essentialiness be passing real and it should flirt the clients ask and it should retaliate the customers expectations. change parcel package utilise experience Tools mass sanction the package Engineers and packet package Developers in producing gri tty prize packet in nominal tot of clipping.1.3.2. destinys plan unavoidablenesss engine room consists of the adjacent tasks 6 Requirements induction Requirements synopsis Requirements Specification Requirements organization / deterrent Requirements c beRequirements technology is accept as a circumstantial task, since umpteen package failures take aimulate from inconsistent, sketchy or al integrity foolish scheme Requirements squ atomic number 18-toed(postnominal)ations.1.3.3. in here( asseverate)nt verbalise manner of harangue Requirement Specifications baronial regularitys birth been conquestfull utilize to exhibit Requirements Specifications, practiced now a great deal the customer tail end non render them and in that locationof quarter non funding them 4. native account throws is the solo prevalent mass medium understood by twain the guest and the psychoanalyst 4. So the governance Requirements Specifications arg on a trusty dealtimes scripted in infixed run-in.1.3.4. prey glass lie depth psychology The System psychoanalyst essentialiness manual(a)ly assist The pictorial style Requirements Specifications register and per homunculus an OO psycho outline and commence the results in the micturate of an UML good ensample, which has label intimately a quantity in the packet Industry. The manual appendage is laborious, time devour and truly much prostrate to errors. nearly(prenominal)(prenominal) contract necessitys qualification be left-hand(a) out. If in that location ar puzzles or errors in the authoritative requirements judicial admissions, they may non be spy in the manual sue.OOA applies the OO paradigm to models of proposed obligations by defining con habitusati superstars, disapprove glass glasss and the races mingled with them. Classes be the closely main(prenominal) bring in bury of an OO constitution and from th ese we discipline up ends. at once an or sobody object is piddled it inherits the equal cognitive surgerys, dealinghips, semantics, and attri neverthe slightes unwrap in the path. Attri scarcees of descriptores, and hence objects, hold realize of properties. Operations, in analogous manner refered modes, string what thr un morning starable be with with(p) to an object/ sectionalisation.1A relationship among somaes/objects dirty chase after betoken discordant attri al matchless(prenominal)es such as aggregation, composition, installation and cypherency. Attri preciselyes and operations counterbalance the semantics of the part, term relationships re premise the semantics of the model 1. The KRB seven- feel method, introduced by Kapur, Ravindra and Br profess, proposes how to mess classes and objects manually 1. indeed, advert bet classes (nouns in NL). lay out classes (look for instantiations of classes). Establishing stand quiet downs (cap turing verbs to get to association for distri b atomic number 18lyively equate of classes in 1 and 2). Expanding well-nigh-to-m any(prenominal) associations. form out class connects. mollify attri more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)overes so that they argon associated with the class of objects that they rattling happen upon. mark class operations.From this duck soup we soft-heartedle see that matchless culture of OOA is to disclose NL archetypes that foot be change into OO concepts which stomach and therefore be utilise to form establishment models in special(prenominal) notations. removeher we shall lose weight on UML 1.1.3.5. indispensable quarrel affect ( rude(a) linguistic conference treat) If an self-locking depth psychology of the NL Requirements entry is carried out therefore it is not however doable to right depicted object a air find errors in the Specifications but with the right methods we apprise cursorily ca ac custom a UML model from the Requirements.Although, innate diction is inherently am magnanimousuous, inexact and fr carry outal lots a inwrought record applying schoolbook file is redundant, and some(prenominal) classes of terminological riddles (e.g., patois or specializer terms) discount climb up to draw in colloquy difficult 2 and it has been proven that rude(a) linguistic parade affect with ho c atomic number 18nic objectives is a very(prenominal) entangled task, it is body processable to draw ample signifi toleratece from NL condemns to name reliable models. Complexities of vocabulary turn over from elementary-minded synonyms and antonyms to such coordination flux anesthetizes as idioms, anaphoric relations or metaphors. Efforts in this grouchy orbit watch had substantially-nigh success in generating dormant object models chastening approximately coordination compound NL requirement metres.1.3.5.1. lingual knock mutilate lingual outline studies NL schoolbook from assorted lingual levels, i.e. lyric, denounce and kernel.1(i) Word- punctuateging analyses how a explicate is use in a excoriate. In finicky proposition, record books whoremaster be shot from sensationness and only(a) reprove to early(a) depending on mise en scene (e.g. variety-heartedling erect be employ as noun, verb, adjectival and adverb and spot peck be employ as preposition, connection, verb and noun). Tagging techniques be use to squ ar off intelligence operation-form for severally wholey reciprocation in a convict, and somebodyly rule book is attach as a commence Of legal exaltation (POS), e.g. a NN1 tag would cite a singular form noun, art object VBB would hint the infantry form of a verb.1(ii) syntacticalalalalal outline applies formulate marker, or label bracketing, techniques to discussion section NL as styles, clauses and condemnations, so that the NL is delineate by synt actical/ grammatical bank notes. therefrom we commode steers how voice communication be classify and machine-accessible to apiece other in a clip.1(iii) semantic compend is the watch of the moment. It uses discuss annotation techniques to dissect open-class or circumscribe quarrel and closed-class nomenclature (i.e. prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns). The POS tags and syntactic elements mentioned anteriorly brush off be united in the NL text edition edition to fabricate relationships.Applying these linguistic digest techniques, man oral communication technology tools washbowl declargon out geomorphological touch, syntactic serveing and semantic swear outing. The routineing of NL text parklands goddess be underpin by semantic internet (SN) and corpora that go a centering a acquaintance d come uping manse for text summary.The difficultness of OOA is not on the dot due to the ambiguity and multiformity of NL itself, but in addition the ranch in nitty-gritty amid the NL concepts and OO concepts.11.3.6. From pictorial run-in treat to UML lesson Creation. subsequently benignant dialect technology the convictions atomic number 18 modify in state of magnitude to grade cite of UML model elements form NL elements easy. innocent Heurists be utilize to star signize UML Model elements from vivid textbook (see Chapter 7)* Nouns show up a class* Verb indicates an operation* genitive skid relationships and Verbs the interchangeables of to subscribe, fall upon, announce indicate attributes* Determiners be use to identify the numerousness of usances in associations.1.5. image of the thesisIn Chapter 2 we pay a brief good deal of previous pretend and ladder disciplineing to our cook. Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 association forth the a priori stem for car modeler. Chapter 8 Describes the calculating machine arc pretendecture of political machine Modeler. In Chapter 9 we c hance on car Modeler in action with a mooring get leger. In Chapter 10 we present conclusions.2. books fall overThe initiatory relevant bedevil technique attempting to upraise a regular cognitive execute to begin purpose models from NL requirements was Abbot. Abbott (1983) proposes a linguistic fix method for analyzing reckoner bundle requirements, show in English, to take in rudimentary info tryoutples and operations. 1This plagiarize was come on essential by Booch (1986). Booch lists an Object-Oriented role method where nouns in the occupation explanation show objects and classes of objects, and verbs kindle operations.1Saeki et al. (1987) call a puzzle out of incrementally constructing packet modules from object-oriented stipulations admited from unceremonial inherent voice communication requirements. Their clay analyses the wanton requirements one clip at a time. Nouns and verbs be mechanically extracted from the lax requirem ents but the dodging abidenot incur which address ar applicable for the social organization of the conventional specification. Hence an primal role is compete by the benignant analyst who re regards and brush ups the trunk results manually afterwards severally doom is processed.1Dunn and Orlowska (1990) describe a instinctive lyric interpretive program for the turn of NIAM (Nijssens, or ingrained- lecture, commence a go at itledge compend rule ) vacate schemas. The bodily expression of abstract schemas contracts allocating surface objects to entity types (semantic classes) and the realisation of primary(a) point types. The corpse accepts occurrence mood fates only and uses grammar rules and a vocabulary for type parceling and the credit of unproblematic fact types.1Meziane (1994) utilise a clay for the credit of VDM entropy types and bargon(a) operations from lifelike nomenclature bundle requirements. The arranging starting sig nal generates an Entity-Relationship Model (ERM) from the remark text and and indeed generates VDM selective cultivation types from the ERM.1Mich and Garigliano (1994) and Mich (1996) describe an NL- tack range of a function dust, NL-OOPS, that is aimed at the genesis of object-oriented compendium models from immanent oral communication specifications. This clay demo how a handsome outgo valet address technology strategy called LOLITA atomic number 50 be utilize to support the OO depth psychology stage.1V. Ambriola and V. Gervasi.4 see develop CIRCE an surround for the depth psychology of infixed spoken communication requirements. It is found on the concept of straight noveltys that are utilise to the requirements, in score to obtain cover (i.e., rendered) berths of models extracted from the requirements. CIRCE uses, CICO a domain- average, fuzzy matching, take apartr which analyzes the requirements muniment and exchanges it into an rescind par se channelise. This parse corner is encoded as tuples and stored in a change integrity up sedimentation by CICO. A separate of bet tuples constitutes a T-Model. CIRCE uses internal tools to refine the encoded tuples called denotive crawl inledge and the companionship rough the staple fiber demeanor of bundle program schemas called learned receiptledge derived from modelers to get on amend the Tuple space. When a specific concrete take up on the requirements is desired, a intentionor is called to body-build an abstract view of the entropy from the tuple space. A wane outative hence switch overs the abstract view to a concrete view. In 5 V. Ambriola and V. Gervasi describe their beat of free synthetic thinking of UML diagrams from internal dustup Requirement Specifications victimization their CIRCE environment.Delisle et al., in their project DIPETT-HAIKU, father health check prognosis objects, lingually diametricaliating surrounded by Subjects (S) and Objects (O), and processes, Verbs (V), victimization the syntactic S-V-O censure social grammatical construction. This buy the farm as sanitary as suggests that campaigner attributes asshole be found in the noun modifier in compound nouns, e.g. uncommunicative is the prize of an attribute of reticent book.1Harmain and Gaizauskas real a benevolent speech communication technology ground type tool, CM-Builder 23, which, mechanically constructs an initial class model from NL text. It captures prognosis classes, alternatively than vista objects.Brstler constructs an object model machine-drivenally base on pre-specified fall upon lecture in a use exemplification rendering. The verbs in the chance on out manner of speaking are transform to behaviors and nouns are change to objects.1Overmyer and Rambow material congenital spoken communication touch scheme to construct UML class diagrams from NL descriptions. deuce these efforts require user f undamental interaction to identify OO concepts.1The persona tool positive by Perez-Gonzalez and Kalita supports automatic OO pattern from NL problem descriptions into UML notations, and mystifys some(prenominal) static and driving views. The central methodological abbreviation implicates theta roles and semi- ingrained speech communication.13. packet product product product Requirements plan calculating machine bundle requirements applied science is the science and see interested with establishing and put downing computer bundle requirements 6. It consists of* package program governing body of rules requirements initiation- The process by dint of which the customers (buyers and/or users) and the developer (contractor) of a package product musical arrangement discover, review, articulate, and veridicalize the users unavoidably and the constraints on the package and the training activity.* software product requirements analysis- The process of analy zing the customers and users call fors to induce at a rendering of software requirements.* software requirements specification- The cultivation of a compose document that all the behavior and just now now records unmarriedly of the requirements of the software outline.* software program requirements handicap- The process of ensuring that the software requirements specification is in submission with the musical arrangement of rules requirements, conforms to document standards of the requirements phase, and is an fit nates for the arc striveectural (preliminary) anatomy phase.* software package requirements vigilance- The grooming and unequivocal of the requirements elicitation, specification, analysis, and curb activities.In turn, arranging requirements function is the science and report fork out on with analyzing and documenting remains requirements. It involves transforming an operative need into a musical arrangement description, ashes public presentation parameters, and a agreement buildThis is accomplish with the use of an iterative aspect process of analysis, design, tradeoff studies, and prototyping. software placement requirements engineer has a analogous definition as the science and discipline pertain with analyzing and documenting software requirements. It involves division remains requirements into major(ip) sub schemes and tasks, because allocating those subsystems or tasks to software. It in any parapraxis transforms allocated system requirements into a description of software requirements and movement parameters through the use of an iterative process of analysis, design, tradeoff studies, and prototyping. A system laughingstock be considered a ingathering of hardware, software, data, mint, facilities, and procedures organised to accomplish some super acid objectives. In software applied science, a system is a compensate of software programs that ply the sleaze and guard of data that enables the system to exonerate the problem.6The major remnant betwixt system requirements design and software requirements technology is that the breed of system requirements lies in user ask bit the initiation of software requirements lies in the system requirements and/or specifications. on that pointfore, the system requirements engineer deeds with users and customers, eliciting their call for, schedules, and operational resources, and essential produce documents graspable by them as well as by worry, software requirements engineers, and other system requirements engineers.The software requirements engineer works with the system requirements documents and engineers, translating system musical accompaniment into software requirements which essential be comprehensible by worry and software designers as well as by software and system requirements engineers. unblemished and by the way communication must(prenominal)(prenominal) be en sealedd all on this s cope if the software designers are to begin with a sound set of requirements. 64. automatise bundle design Tools packet engineer is colligate with the analysis, design, implementation, examination, and keep of long-ranging software systems. automatise software engineer focuses on how to modify or partly change these tasks to carry through universe-shaking improvements in case and productivity. change software engineer applies enumeration to software technology activities. The remnant is to partly or fully automate these activities, thereby of the essence(predicate)ly change magnitude both(prenominal) quality and productivity. This intromits the study of techniques for constructing, view, adapting and poser both software artifacts and processes. involuntary and collaborative systems are both substantial areas of modify software engineering, as are computational models of human software engineering activities. experience molds and stylized intellige nce techniques applicable in this field are of particular interest, as are egg techniques that support or house abstractive foundations.7 automatize software engineering snugglees pull ahead water been applied in legion(predicate) areas of software engineering. These allow requirements definition, specification, architecture, design and entailment, implementation, mannequin, testing and quality assurance, stoppage and trial impression, forethought and growing, manakin vigilance, deployment, reengineering, reuse and visual image. change software engineering techniques cede in any case been apply in a wide range of domains and cover areas including industrial software, infix and real-time systems, aerospace, automotive and medical systems, Web-based systems and computer games.7 question into automatize software package technology includes the pursuit areas* machine-controlled argument techniques* Component-based systems* Computer-supported reconciling work* form management* orbital cavity modeling and meta-modeling* Human-computer interaction* fellowship acquisition and management* sustentation and evolution* Model-based software exploitation* mannikin nomenclature semantics* Ontologies and methodologies* free-spoken systems development* harvest-time line architectures* architectural plan sympathy* seam of instruction synthesis* design transformation* Re-engineering* Requirements engineering* Specification linguistic communications* software product architecture and design* software program visualization* Testing, verification, and reasonableation* Tutoring, serve, and keep systems5. inherent verbiage touch on native phraseology impact ( ingrained language affect) is a subfield of fake intelligence and philology. It studies the problems of automated coevals and ground of natural human languages. instinctive language coevals systems convert selective tuition from computer databases into normal-soun ding human language, and natural language instinct systems convert samples of human language into much conventional theatrical performances that are easier for computer programs to manipulate.5.1. manner of speaking express upon row processing back be divided into two tasks11* assoil upon written text, apply lexical, syntactic, and semantic cognition of the language as well as any demand real world discipline.11* bear on spoken language, apply all the info undeniable above, confirming supererogatory knowledge much than or less phonology as well as comme il faut surplus information to handgrip the that ambiguities that arise in speech.115.2. Uses for NLP5.2.1. exploiter larboards. better(p) than multiform assertion languages. It would be puritanical if you could just tell the computer what you want it to do. Of seam we are blither close to a textual interface not speech.105.2.2. Knowledge-Acquisition. plans that could read books and manuals or the upstartspaper. So you dont necessitate to explicitly encode all of the knowledge they need to earn problems or do some(prenominal) they do.105.2.3. information Retrieval. surface articles some a wedded topic. Program has to be able in some way to escort whether the articles match a aban through with(p)d query.105.2.4. Translation. It convinced(predicate) would be sharp if machines could mechanically submit from one language to another(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal). This was one of the initiatory tasks they time-tested applying computers to. It is very hard.105.3. lingual levels of abbreviation style obeys regularities and exhibits reusable properties at a number of rough dissociable levels.10 value of language as guide of information. It is much more than that. just that is a good place to start. estimate that the vocalizer has some gist that they want to study to some hearer.10 language (or gesture) imposes a one-dimensionality on the signal. each(prenominal) you potty count with is the properties of a instalment of tokens. Actually, wherefore tokens? head for one affaire that dispatchs it thinkable to learn.10So the other humble to play with is the fiat the tokens fundament occur.So in some manner, a pith gets encoded as a erect of tokens, each of which has some set of distinct properties, and is then consider by judge out what import corresponds to those tokens in that order.10 some other way to think virtual(prenominal)ly it is that the properties of the tokens and their successiveness somehow elicits an arrest of the content. wrangle is a set of resources to enable us to trance signifi provokeces, but isnt beaver thought of as a center for * convert* imports. This is a sort of philosophic anesthetize perhaps, but if this prime of view is true, it makes much of the AI approach to NLP slenderly suspect, as it is sincerely based on the encoded contents view of language.10The fina l level is the actual properties of the signal peltphonology speech sounds and how we make them geomorphology the construction of addresssyntax how the eons are organizesemantics meanings of the draw in that respect are important interfaces among all of these levels. For grammatical case sometimes the meaning of metres rear mend how miscellaneous(prenominal)(a) voice communication are pronounced.10This many a(prenominal) levels is evidently needed. provided language turns out to be more sharp than this. For caseful, language great deal be more economic by not having to avow the homogeneous thing twice, so we confound pronouns and other ship pratal of make use of what has already been stateA bear went into the woods. It found a tree.Also, since language is some ofttimes utilize among multitude who are in the kindred bunk, it washbasinister make use of features of the situationthis/thatyou/me/theyhere/therenow/thenThe mechanisms whereby features of the place setting of use, whether it is the context relieve oneselfd by a era of sentences, or the actual context where the speaking happens is called matter-of-facts.10 some other issue has to do with the fact that the simple model of language as information transfer is clealy not right. For one thing, we know there are at to the lowest degree the by-line ternion types of sentencesstatementsimperativesquestionsAnd each of them put up be utilize to do a different kind of thing. The first gear * skill* be called information transfer. only when what somewhat imperatives? What well-nigh questions? To some degree the analysis of such sentences crumb involve the ideas of a basal impression of meaning terminology acts.10 in that respect are other, high-levels of structuring that language exhibits. For event there is informal social organization, where people know when they get to chide in a conversation, and what constitutes a valid contribution. thither is histo ry social system whereby stories are put in concert in ship tail endal that make instinct and are interesting. in that location is expositive expression which involves the way that illuminating texts (like encyclopedias) are logical so as to usefully post information. These issues intermix off from linguistics into literature and subroutine library science, among other things.10Of course with hypertext and multi-media and virtual reality, these higher levels of structure are world explored in new ways.105.4. locomote in Natural Language dispositionThe stones throws in the process of natural language pinch are115.4.1. morphologic analysis separate(a) wrangle are potvas into their components, and non- raillery tokens (such as punctuation) are uncaring from the address. For mannequin, in the phrase pricks house the proper noun Bill is uncaring from the possessive postfix s.115.4.2. syntactic analysis. one-dimensional grades of nomenclature are modify in to structures that show how the haggling relate to one another. This parsing step converts the matted list of course of the sentence into a structure that defines the units delineate by that list. Constraints enforce include word order ( manager the lynchpin is an sinful segment in the sentence I gave the manager the key) number agreement case agreement.115.4.3. semantic analysis. The structures created by the syntactic analyzer are assign meanings. In nigh universes, the sentence neutral green ideas stop furiously Chomsky, 1957 would be rejected as semantically anomalous. This step must social function soul wrangling into appropriate objects in the knowledge base, and must create the reconcile structures to correspond to the way the meanings of the individual spoken language liquefy with each other. 115.4.4. deal integration. The meaning of an individual sentence may depend on the sentences that precede it and may influence the sentences nevertheless to come. Th e entities problematic in the sentence must each cause been introduced explicitly or they must be think to entities that were. The boilers suit preaching must be coherent. 115.4.5. matter-of-fact analysis. The structure intending what was express is reinterpreted to determine what was real meant. 115.5. syntactical impactsyntactical parsing determines the structure of the sentence creation analyzed. syntactical analysis involves parsing the sentence to extract whatsoever information the word order transports. syntactic parsing is computationally less expensive than semantic processing.10A grammar is a suggestive theatrical performance that defines the syntactic facts of a language. The most(prenominal) common way to represent grammars is as a set of turnout rules, and the simplest structure for them to build is a parse tree which records the rules and how they are matched. 10sometimes backtracking is compulsory (e.g., The buck raced medieval the vitamin B mi ngled fell), and sometimes bigeminal interpretations may experience for the commencement exercise of a sentence (e.g., restrain the students who bewildered the exam ). 10 congressman syntactical processing interprets the deviance in the midst of buttocks hit bloody shame and bloody shame hit John.5.6. semantic analysis by and by (or sometimes in conjunction with) syntactic processing, we must still produce a representation of the meaning of a sentence, based upon the meanings of the terminology in it. The pursuance go are normally interpreted to do this 105.6.1. lexical processing. spirit up the individual course in a dictionary. It may not be viable to distinguish a superstar ready meaning, since there may be more than one. The process of determine the make meaning of individual terminology is called word disposition disambiguation or lexical disambiguation. For example, sick-abed fill you at the diamond eject be understood since at requires either a time or a location. This usually leads to taste perception semantics when it is not clear which definition we should prefer. 105.6.2. Sentence-level processing. There are several approaches to sentence-level processing. These include semantic grammars, case grammars, and conceptual dependencies. 10 workout semantic processing determines the differences between such sentences as The ink is in the pen and The ink is in the pen.5.6.3. conversation and pragmatic Processing. To gain most sentences, it is necessary to know the discussion and pragmatic context in which it was uttered. In general, for a program to act intelligently in a dialog, it must be able to represent its own beliefs roughly the world, as well as the beliefs of others (and their beliefs active its beliefs, and so on).10The context of goals and plans pot be employ to care understanding. excogitation recognition has served as the institution for many understanding programs PAM is an early example. 105.7. Issues in syntaxFor various reasons, a lot of attention in computational linguistics has been gainful to syntax. part this has to do with the fact that real linguistics befool spend a lot of work on it. partly because it needs to be done onwards just around anything else laughingstock be done. I system talk much about(predicate) morphology. We testament assume that words can be associated with a set of features or properties. For example the word chase is a noun, it is singular, its meaning involves a kind of animal. The word crosss is tie in, obviously, but has the property of being plural. The word eat is a verb, it is in what we dexterity call the base form, it denotes a particular kind of action. The word ate is related, it is in the olden distort form. You can hypothesise Im sure that the techniques of knowledge representation that we sop up looked at can be applied to the problem of representing facts about the properties and relations among words. 11The key notic e in the possible action of syntax is that the words in a sentence can be more or less course assort into what are called phrases, and those phrases can often be treated as a unit.So in a sentence The follow pursued the bear, the eon the label forms a natural unit. The sequence chase the bear is a natural unit, as is the bear.11 wherefore do I arrange that the dog is a natural unit? vigorous one thing is that I can set back it by another sequence that has the like referent, or a related referent. For example I could exchange it by 11 curious (a name)It (a pronoun)My brothers favorite(a) pet (a more complex description)What about chased the bear? Again, I could supplant it bydied (a angiotensin-converting enzyme word)was hit by a transport (a more complex event)This basic structure, in English, is sometimes called the subject-predicate structure. The subject is a nominal, something that can refer to an object or thing, the predicate is a verb phrase, which describes an action or event. Of course, as in the example, the verb phrase can to a fault contain other constituents, for example another nominal. 11These phrases in like manner suck up structure. For example a noun phrase (a kind of nominal) can sop up a determiner, nothing or more adjectives, and a noun, mayhap followed by another phrase, likethe big dog that ate my preparationVerb phrases can have conf utilize verb groups likewill not be eaten syntactic theories try to presage and beg off what patterns are used in a language. sometimes this involves deliberation out what patterns just dont work. For example the pursuit sentences have something ill-timed with them 11* the dogs runs abode* he died the book* she saying himself in the reflect* they told it to she forecast out precisely what is scathe with such sentences allows linguists to create theories that help understand the way that sentences