Male homoeroticism in Platos Symposium and the Greek lyric poets: Comp

Male homoeroticism in Platos Symposium and the Greek lyric poets Complimentary or contradictory?Works Cited MissingImages of male homosocial and homoerotic relations circularise Athenian culture. From plays to poetry and jugs to the justice system one can find these relations represented pictorially and in words. But do all these images queue up with each other or are there irreconcilable differences between them? To look at this question we provide take two small pieces of culture, a philosophical treatise, Platos Symposium and the lyric poetry of Theognis and Anacreon.Homoerotics are mentioned in several speeches in Platos Symposium but I will focus on those statements made by Phaedras and Pausanias. The modestness for the use of these two sources is to elucidate the numerous representations of homoerotics in Athenian Greece. Phaedras begins by stating that everyone can agree that, the greatest benefit, to my mind, that a young man can progress by in his youth is a virtuous lo ver, and a virtuous fellow is just as good for a lover too. (Plato, 178c) This is a take to be that the modern world can easily grasp, a young man (the object of love) is well served by a virtuous older man (erastes) who will honor his superior position and treat the young man well and teach him what he can. In turn, the the erastes is better off with a virtuous boyfriend (eromenos) who will stay loyal to him. After all, the older man is the lover to which Phaedras refers and so a young boyfriend who was not faithful could be kind of injurious to the older man?s heart and reputation. So does this image fit with that of the lyric poets?Indeed, Phaedras? representation of male homoerotics aligns quite easily with that of the lyric poets. Theognis speaks often... ...ric poets. sleep with for boys is a wonderful thing, especially if both parties are virtuous and loyal. Also, Theognis and Anacreon, likely along with Pausanias, attribute more loyalty to men than to women, resulting i n a deeper fealty to ?relationships.? Phaedras disagrees saying that women can, in fact feel equal loyalty. There is general agreement that a love for boys based purely on beauty is a common thing, and not a good one. It leads to having stupid eromenai, which is not desirable. The lyric poets do attend to maintain that while intelligence is important, young boys are unflustered better material for love than older men. Pausanias disagrees, arguing for lifelong homosocial relationships. So while there are a few differences between the lyric poets and these speakers of the Syposium they seem to be based more on choice of lifestyle than true differences of paradigm.

Comparing the Narrative Voice in The Storm and Hands Essays -- compari

The Narrative Voice in The Storm and Hands The application of write up voice as a devise by which the author influences or manipulates the readers response is an ancient method of inducement that is still apply today. Kate Chopin tactfully utilizes narrative voice in the short story, The Storm, to create an empathic readers response for a socially unacceptable behavior. Sherwood Anderson, the author of Hands, appropriates a similar technique to manipulate the readers response to accept or sympathize with a serious controversial issue that long has plagued serviceman from early Biblical times until this present generation. Narrative voice is still employed today and has not lost its persuasive, influential, and manipulative effect over the centuries. Kate Chopin smartly employs an omniscient narrative approach in relating The Storm, so the facts presented impact and shape the readers response to the couples adulterous affair. The bank clerk focuses on the romantic kindred tha t existed between Alcee and Calixta before her five-year marriage to her husband. The narrator recalls that in Assumption Alcee had kissed Calixta and kissed her until his senses would well nigh fail, and to save her he would resort to a desperate flight (Chopin 363). The narrator consciously constructs in the mind of the reader the idea that Alcee and Calixta were not immoral fornicators during their youthful romantic connection, but on the contrary, their moral value and practice more than than parallel that of societys and had been far above reproach. The narrator further validates that Calixta was an immaculate dove in those days, and she was still inviolate a passionate putz whose very defenselessness had made her defense, ... ...pathy for Mr. Bibblebaums atypical tendency by focusing on his hands, his nervous emotional state, and the abuse he receives from society. Both authors successfully employ narrative voice in generating empathy and some possible modification in the readers response for two issues that cut across fashionable opinion and moral value. The tactics utilized by both narrators will continue to influence and manipulate readers response for centuries to come and has the probable to break down well constructed social barriers. Work cited Anderson, Sherwood. Hands. Literature Across Culture. Eds. Sheena Gillepsi, Terzinha Fonseca, Carol A Sanger third ed. Boston Allyn and Bacon, 2001 885-889. Chopin, Kate. The Storm. Literature Across Cultures. Eds. Sheena Gillepie, Terzinha Fonseca, Carol A. Sanger 3rd ed. Boston Allyn and Bacon, 2001 885-889.

Solutions for Terrorism Essays -- essays research papers

Terrorism is a controversial issue which spans the globe, Terrorism is defined as using force to exploit or change a political decision. This is a relevant definition which can easily be related to in this day and age. There argon many ideas about how to deal with this menacing threat one being a diplomatic solution some believe that the United Nations (UN) should step in and resolve it peacefully. Others oppose this idea and believe that the only solution is violence. Many up hold the idea of violence and that joint North Atlantic conformity Organisation (NATO) and special forces operations should draw rein the threat head onThe history of terrorist act can be traced back as far as the French revolution and Guy Fawkes. These acts of terrorism only seem distant reminders of our bloody past but are not a far holler out from todays brutal acts of terrorism. Just as the French government starved their wad into submission, Saddam Hussian dropped chemical and biological weapons on t housands of his own people to show that uprisings and political crimes will not be tolerated. Terrorism can be driven in many ways whether its hate, religion or occupation. nearly are hell bent on fulfilling their dreams of dying for their cause or religion.Counter-terrorism is a relatively new issue wish has just risen in the past fifty years. It has recently been brought to light the September the el chargeth attacks on the pentagon and the world trade centres drew into sharp focus the need to understand and foreclose the threat of terrorism with extreme use of force to prevent innocent blood shed on British and American soil. Understanding the past lessons of counter-terrorism has neer been more important, as the coalition of western super nations response to the th... ...s the anarchists cook book a internet site dedicated to bomb making. The internet has loose a gateway for terrorism to take a more uglier and organised form. On the internet you can even find guides for mak ing shoe bombs, reloading anti-tank guns and even how to shoot at American soldiers.To conclude no matter how terrorism comes to a resolve whether its through diplomacy or violence or if it comes to a resolve at all. I believe that a global campaign against terrorism is a realistic option that should be used to tackle the issue. Just as Albert Einstein said I do not know what weapons WWIII will be fought with but I assure you WWIV will be fought will sticks and stones just as Einstein predicts the end of the world with some sort of apocalyptic nuclear or biological weapon will terrorism be the downfall of the 21st century?

Weather Forecasting :: essays research papers

Weather Forecasting     In researching this project I was amazed to find the more books on thistopic. After going through much information and reading an enormous amount ofwriting on weather forecasting I can only come to one conclusion that when wholeis considered the best forecasters can only give an educated guess of what is instore for weather. Through the some means at their disposal, such as satellites,ships at the ocean, infrared, radio, and radar transmissions even with all ofthese techniques no prediction is 100% accurate.     One question that I asked myself was "when was the primary weatherforecasting ever done?", I found out that in 1863 in Britain there was a unitedforecasting system headed by Captain Robert Fitzroy. Captain Fitzroy would sendships around Britain to warn batch of storms and such. However, he was oftenwrong and criticized and therefor committed suicide. Since then there score been many an(prenominal) other services, but the largest one currently is the National WeatherService. The National Weather Service gives predictions for all of the worldthrough satellite imagery for all countries. Also in recent history many localtelevision and radio stations have made private forecasts for small areas.     Meteorologists are people who interpret the weather, the reason I dontsay predict the weather is because even though all forecasters have the sameinformation and data at their fingertips, the port that they interpret what is infront of them can be opposite. Meteorologists receive information from varioussources, but their interpretation of the data determines the accuracy of theirprediction.     Someone might ask, "If forecasters have so much information on aparticular area how could they predict a flawed forecast ?" The answer tothat question lies in the situation that any one of a number of weather conditionsmay ruin a forecast. A f ast cold or hot front pitiable in, an unexpected flowfrom the ocean or a cold wind may change the whole days forecast.     There are many different materials and devices used by local andgovernment services to predict the weather. Some of these devices are, Radarwhich is actually sound waves, which bounce off clouds and give location ofstorms this way.      some other such device is actually a variation of radar called "DopplerRadar" actually can give the exact location of a storm within a kilometer.However, Doppler Radar is not used so much for everyday forecasting, but fortornadoes and very large storms. The way Doppler Radar works is almost the sameas regular radar with one advantage, it also can measure the speed of an objector storm, which makes its prime usage tornado watching.

Defining Good Advice :: Psychology Advising Essays

Defining Good AdviceGood advice is something that could be hard to come-by but once set in motion piece of tail help a person in the long run. Good advice is usually managen from someone who is an expert, someone that the advisee respects (parent, elder, teacher, coach), or a friend. Advice can be employ at any time. Any time you are stuck, or just in a situation in which you need help, or just advice to do a certain task, or to help you out in a situation is good advice if you use what they said and it works. If the advice isnt really used its merely just information or a suggestion. Here is an example of an advisee recoverting advice from an advisor that is respected. It was the summer of my sophomore year in high school, and I was sitting down getting ready to select classes for the upcoming school year with my mom. We were sitting at the kitchen table one night that summer tossing roughly ideas on what I wanted to be and do with my life, and what classes fit what we were ta lking about. I thought it was the stupidest thing ever and I just wanted to take the easiest classes that good ole Rhinelander High School had to offer, but not with my mom right there. So we got to talking about what I wanted to be. It was always a breathing in of mine to be a doctor I replied to my mom. Yes I know but with you slouffing off the way you did last year in high school, then(prenominal) you better get your act together, cause grades are very important. she added. I thought to myself she is just babbling, thats what she always tells me, but what do I really want to do with my life? I questioned myself. I then added I cant see myself being a doctor, and going through all of those hard classes in college, I want to get in and get out with a degree I added, Maybe Ill be an accoutant, I did really good in that class, I didnt even get a B on one test or assignment I replied. Oh did my mom love that idea, Are you real? Yeah why not, I can give it a shot I answered in excit ement. Ya know what I really dont know mom, I get confused on what I want to do, I feel like Im rushing my life so fast that Im not going to get anything through with(p) that I want to get done in my life I told her.

Defining Good Advice :: Psychology Advising Essays

Defining Good AdviceGood advice is something that could be hard to come-by but once found can support a person in the foresightful run. Good advice is usually taken from someone who is an expert, someone that the advisee respects (parent, elder, teacher, coach), or a friend. Advice can be used at any clock time. Any time you are stuck, or just in a situation in which you need help, or just advice to do a certain task, or to help you emerge in a situation is good advice if you use what they said and it works. If the advice isnt really used its merely just information or a suggestion. hither is an example of an advisee getting advice from an advisor that is respected. It was the summer of my sophomore year in high school, and I was sitting down getting ready to select classes for the coming(prenominal) school year with my milliampere. We were sitting at the kitchen table one night that summer tossing around ideas on what I wanted to be and do with my bearing, and what classes s coff what we were talking about. I thought it was the stupidest thing ever and I just wanted to take the easiest classes that good ole Rhinelander High School had to offer, but not with my mom right there. So we got to talking about what I wanted to be. It was always a dream of mine to be a doctor I replied to my mom. Yes I know but with you slouffing off the way you did last year in high school, thus you better get your act together, cause grades are in truth important. she added. I thought to myself she is just babbling, thats what she always tells me, but what do I really want to do with my life? I questioned myself. I then added I cant see myself being a doctor, and going through all of those hard classes in college, I want to get in and get out with a degree I added, Maybe Ill be an accoutant, I did really good in that class, I didnt even get a B on one test or assignment I replied. Oh did my mom love that idea, Are you sure? Yeah why not, I can give it a shot I answered in ex citement. Ya know what I really dont know mom, I get confused on what I want to do, I disembodied spirit like Im rushing my life so fast that Im not going to get anything done that I want to get done in my life I told her.

Critically analyse the ruling of the House of Lords in ‘Howe [1987] 1 AC 417’ that duress is not a defence to murder.

IntroductionIt will be critic aloney analysed in this study whether the ruling of the Ho riding habit of Lords in Howe 1987 1 AC 417 was acceptable and whether the tone that gyves is not a defense to murder should continue to apply. Various academic opinion will be analysed and a review as to whether many change ought to be made will be considered. Thus, it will be demonstrated that although chains should not be a complete defence to murder, it should be a partial defence as there are some situations which lead to injustice on the al-Qaida that this defence is not available to them.1 primary(prenominal) BodyDuress is a common law defence that seeks to protect individuals that bring forth been forced or compelled to commit a crime. The defence of duress provides an excommunication to the rule that a person shall be held responsible for any crimes they commit on the primer coat that they had not done so voluntarily. As the defence is ease up to abuse, caution needs to be take n by the court of laws when allowing the defence to be submitted. Accordingly, restrictions are needed to ensure that the level of threat the defendant has been subjected to is not menial. Hence, as noted by Spain the defence of duress fails to recognise the reality that one will not need to be subjected to a specific type or level of threat for ones will to be overborne.2 Furthermore, it is also important that the crime is not disproportionate to the threat in order for this defence to prove successful. This will prevent an abuse of the defence from occurring as individuals will not be able to take advantage of the defence in all circumstances.An example of this can be seen in relation to murder where the defence of duress is not generally accepted by the Courts. This is because, it is difficult to persuade the Court that a person has been forced or compelled into committing a crime when the harm that has been caused, is greater than the harm that has been threated. In deciding wh ether a defendant can use this defence, nonetheless, the Courts will have to use the proportionality test, which is both subjective and objective. In R v Howe3 it was held that a jury should consider whether a) the defendant acted in this route because he honestly believed that his life was in immediate danger and b) a reasonable person of the same characteristics of the defendant would have acted in the same way. Here, it was, nonetheless, nominate that duress could not be a defence to murder. This decision has been the subject of much controversy over the years with conflicting views as to whether the defence of duress should in fact apply to murder.4On the one hand, it is believed by Shankland that duress should serve as a valid defence to murder on the basis that a murder which has been committed as a result of duress should be distinguished from a murder that was pre-meditated.5 On the other hand, it was said by Toczek that defendants should not be able to rely upon the dures s defence for murder as this could not be deemed a reasonable belief as inevitable by the Court in Howe.6 Accordingly, it would be difficult to establish that a persons belief to commit murder was reasonable on the basis that they were subjected to duress. The Court in the more recent case of R v Hasan7 agreed with the Howe decision and made it even more difficult for the defence of duress to be successfully raised in all criminal cases. Here, it was argued that rather than merely finding that the defendant had a reasonable belief, it must be delivern that they had an literal belief in the efficacy of the threat which compelled the defendant to commit the act.Arguably, it became apparent from this decision that rather than defendants demonstrating that they had a reasonable belief, they are now required to show that the reasonable belief was also a genuine one. The legal philosophy Commission have also expressed their concerns as to whether duress should apply to murder and have considered including duress as a partial defence to murder.8 This would mean that first period murder could be reduced to second degree murder, whilst second degree murder could be reduced to manslaughter. Whilst this would provide some protection to those individuals who have authentically feared for their own or families life in committing the crime, it would prevent the scope cosmos broadened in any case far. Accordingly, it has been said that moral involuntariness should be excused and that regardless as to what crime the defendant had committed, duress should be overt of being used as a defence.9 Hence, it is said that the defendants fear or lack of courage should be given due consideration as these are central to the rational of the defendant. completionOverall, it is evident that there are mixed opinions as to whether duress should be used as a defence to murder, yet whether this would broaden the scope too far is likely. This is because the defence would most likely be open to abuse if it could be used in circumstances such as this. Individuals would be capable of demonstrating that they had been subjected to duress in order to escape criminal liability for murder. This would be unjust in many situations as it cannot be said that the life of a human being is proportionate to a threat that has been made. Nevertheless, in order to ensure that complete liability is not imposed upon defendants in circumstances where they genuinely feared for their life, it could be said that duress should be used as a partial defence to murder. This would prevent defendants from completely escaping liability, yet it would provide the Courts with some permissiveness when considering certain cases that would require a defence, such as domestic violence victims.Bibliography Books E Spain., The Role of Emotions in Criminal virtue Defences Duress, Necessity and Lesser Evils, (Cambridge University Press, 2011).The Law Commission., Murder, Manslaughter and Infanticide Pro ject 6 of the Ninth Programme of Law Reform Homicide, (The Stationary Office, 2006).Journals G Williams., Necessity Duress of Circumstances or Moral Involuntariness? Common Law World Review, stack 43, Issue 1, 1.L Toczek., A Case of Duress The New Law Journal, Volume 155, Issue 7173, 612.M Sorarajah., Duress and Murder in Commonwealth Criminal Law (1981) The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 30, No 3, 660-661.R Shankland., Duress and the Underlying Felony (2009) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 99, Issue 1227.Cases R v Hasan 2005 UKHL 22 R v Howe 1987 1 AC 417

A Web of Brands Essay

The rise, A Web of Brands by Naomi Klein focused on the relationship in the midst of clothing manufacturers in Toronto, Canada during the 1930s and the clothing manufacturers in Jakarta during the 1980s. The responsibilities for the web brands were accounted for cheap labor and the necessity for money of young Jakartans in nightclub to survive. The need for cheap labor and the use of young adults resulted the people to take jobs far from their country. When Klein wrote about global coincidence. He also stated that at that place was a illustrious alignment of two or more events that have no evident causal connections.These were seen when he spoke with the Kaho workers about working and living in a clothing factory. The ironic part was the fact that the factory where the London Fog Clothing in Jakarta was made, was the same manufacturer that Kleins apartment construct used in making the clothes during the 1930s before the operation was finally moved to Jakarta. The purpose of th e introduction was to paint a picture of Toronto during the 1930s when clothing manufacturers still existed in town. Since the factories have now been moved to Jakarta, nonhing much were left, but signs and loft apartments.Klein repeats the word abysmal twice in his move with great detail be attempt of the horrible condition that the Kaho workers endured during their days at work and at home. Abysmal usually con nones the feeling of being extremely or dispiritedly negative, with the notion of having severe conditions. Postindustrial, on the other hand, is outlined as a society wherein an economic transition occurred from being a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy. Furthermore, limbo is delineate as the state of being disregarded or forgotten. Being required by rules is the definition for compulsory.Receiving approximatelything, much(prenominal) as money, either accustomed or received as payment is connoted for compensation. Recourse, on the other hand, is d efined as the act of turning to someone for assistance. Moreover, charades is defined as the acting out of a phrase by an individual for others to guess. Tenacious is then defined as being good at remembering. For euphoric, it is defined as the imparting of great feeling of well-being. Lastly, manic is defined as the state of high excitement and activity found in bipolar sickness and is occasionally incorporated with other mental illnesses. The connection I had with logos was a very good question.I do not buy things merrily just because of the logo they carry. I buy goods, such as clothing, cars, electronics, and food for the reasonable price they have and not because of the brand/logo. For once, I bought two thaumaturgist t-shirts for the price of one, as comp bed to a Nike shirt, where I have to pay for a full price. I have always believed in bargain shopping and not in logo shopping. In the essay Live free and Starve by Chitra Divakaruni, the thesis is stated when Divakaruni w rites the liberals passed the bill. Third world counties were names given to nations that were underdeveloped economically during the 20th hundred.The name Third World arose during the Cold War refering to nations that did not belong to the First and Second World countries. While there is debate over the appropriateness of the term, and no alternative is without detractors, the term is one embraced by many. As Americans, we are at the top of the pyramid, having moved up by satisfying all needs required at for each one level. When Divakaruni wrote about the Maslow pyramid, her purpose was to show that even if Americans were at the top, it is difficult to satisfy the needs of each level.The third world countries were not priviledge to have the opportunities Americans or other first and second world countries have, such as excellent education, decent jobs, and proper hold dear to live in. The rig of the last paragraph and the rhetorical questions Divakaruni had was a strategy on how people will be educated and survive when the bill passes. By doing this, Divakaruni brings up some very good points as to how the people will survive once the bill is passed. The metaphor that Divakaruni used when writing about children laborers agent that if the children stop working, their families will not have any money to survive.For short, the childreen need to work in order to financially support their families. The most basic cause of a large, poor family is survival. This can also be attributed to all of the family members being required to work in order to provide food and pay the bills. Although a large turn upulation of poor families exist in the United States, reasons may be attributed to the fact that Americans are sending good jobs to other countries in order to acquire cheaper labor, instead of keeping the jobs in the country to lessen poverty.Moving on, the essay Drugs by Gore Vidal is not outdated in terms of views regarding drugs in the United States. In this r egard, what Vidal wrote about the government is true up to this day. Vidal appears to anticipate the response of the audience in the sixth paragraph of the essay. When Vidal asked questions within the paragraph, he gave anticipate answers to what the readers might say or think. The function of the rhetorical questions within the essay was a way for the public to ask themselves the same question while reading. By doing this, Vidal made the readers view the current situation with drugs in our country.Exhortation means a communication intended to urge or persuade the recipients to take some action. GNP, on the other hand, means Gross National Product. Mainliners is a slang term referring to a principal and easily accessible vein, usually in the tree branch or leg, into which a drug can be injected. Furthermore, perennially means in a perennial manner repeatedly. Curtailed means to cut short or reduce. With the underestimated phrase, Vidal meant that he was not doing anything on his o wn, accepting what Homer gave him, but making it even worse.I am in favor of legalizing non-narcotic drugs. I have been to capital of The Netherlands and the Netherlands. I have seen the possibility of how the United States could legalize these drugs. Amsterdam is a pleasant place to visit with wonderful people who live by. The country has positively allowed the legalization of non-narcotic drugs. Cafes, where drugs were available, where open for sale to the busy public. The selling of drugs is only monitored by the owner, who in turn, was carefully monitored by the Amsterdam government. I spent eleven weeks in Amsterdam, but I saw no dealers nor addicts.What I saw was a guy in the cafe being neglected with the drug, for he was already high. I believe that the legalization of the non-narcotic drugs in the United States would work in the country. If the Europeans were able to handle it, the Americans can. The essay, Safe Sex Lies by Meghan Daum, the awareness for AIDS became a pop cu lture, especially to people who did not believe that it can happen to them. Therefore, it has taken on the power of a myth that this belief on ones social status can avoid transmission of HIV. There are two types of Safe Sex Lies discussed in the Daums essay.The first was you do not know where they has been and the second is they did not tell me that he was shooting drugs. These two examples of the lies about safe sex make the average person look ignorant. The solution of Daums confession is focused on the fact that no one has a perfect life. Repeated tests makes a person feel more at ease about the aids situation. People need to be more cautious with what they are doing, especially when it comes to having sex with their partners, whom they know little about. Children of the 20th century have been repeatedly told about the aids virus.As we all know, kids believe almost everything they hear on the radio or see on television. The effect of the word those in the first paragraph is a s arcastic meaning for all the needles and condoms that Daum had seen in her lifetime. The effect of the informal language that Daum used in her essay was effective for the essay. By writing the essay in an informal manner, the reader easily comprehends what is being said, receiving the points easily. Writing the essay in an informal manner was a good decision from the writers end, resulting in more queries about the said AIDS virus.I feel that handing out packets of condoms to kids these days is a braggy idea. They are given the impression that engaging in pre-marital sex is alright. Sex should not be rushed, it has to wait either after marriage, or when both are mature enough to handle the consequences that come with it. Nowadays, what all the kids see on television is someone blowing up a condom. After such deed, they do not know the harsh realities that come with it, when broken. This is no joke, be cautious and aware of what you are doing.

Overcrowding in America’s Prisons Essay

AbstractAmericas prison system has become extremely overcrowded and managing it has become a job of staggering proportions. In 2001, there were 1.4 million men and women incarce targetd in state and federal correctional institutions. This over move has step-upd the apostrophize to operate prisons at alarming rates. Due to a superior recidivism rate, many experts believe that lack of rehabilitation has played a great role in this amplify. matchless of the major reasons that prisons deal become overcrowded is that crime jibe strategies and legislative changes have favored longer fates. These approaches have taken several forms that, when combined, have incarcerated flock for longer periods of time with less hatchway for early release. many a nonher(prenominal) factors such as crude offenses, mandatory sentences, lengthening basis, and habitual offender laws, have added to prison overcrowding.Although an exact personify fag non be associated with overcrowding, we can look at present costs incurred in prison and anticipate their add-on as the system takes on more and more stings. When looking at the cost of overcrowding, we not only have to look at the cost to taxpayers per inmate but also saying cost postulateed to build the young prisons to relieve the overcrowding. The in operation(p) cost for a prison over its spirit span cost or so fifteen to twenty dollar bill times the original construction cost.Overcrowding causes serious depravation in the quality of life for everyone in a correctional institution. Overcrowding may cause a takings of problems such as emotional stress, increase in disciplinary infractions, and some physical health problems. Overcrowding also causes litigation forcing the federal and state prisons to build new facilities to relieve overcrowding.Rehabilitation has been around for many years and by dint ofout those years the chance to study models considerably and bad have given us much research to work with in cognise which rehabilitation models work and which do not. Rehabilitation programs should change or measure up the offender or help them to modify themselves, as well as changing or modifying life circumstances and socialopportunities. Some types of rehabilitation programs in use atomic number 18 kind health and guidance programs, studyal programs, and substance rib programs.The results of many studies atomic number 18 statistically aggregated and assessed as one sample an their conclusions manoeuvreed that effective programs reduced the reentry rate by some 36.4 percent in 1998. generally 25 to 35 percent of the experimental manipulation programs studied achieved favorable results. With statistics like these, I feel we can reduce the number of double offenders through the use of effective rehabilitation programs.Overcrowding in Americas PrisonsCan rehabilitation help deject the growing numbers of repeat offenders?With overcrowding, managing Americas prisons has becom e a job of staggering proportions. As of December 31, 2001. Over 1.4 million men and women were incarcerated in state and federal correctional institutions. Operating cost of U.S. prisons rose 224 percent between 1980 and 1994. The Federal Bureau of Prisons estimates that operating costs could grow $4.7 billion by 2006. many an(prenominal) factors have led tot this increase such as mandatory sentencing and recidivism of offenders. Many in the field believe that lack of rehabilitation training ge bed toward marketable skills, along with no encompassment of substance abuse, have played a great role in this increase. unmatched of the major reasons that prisons have become overcrowded is crime control strategies and legislative changes have favored longer sentences. These approaches have taken several forms that, when combined, have incarcerated more people for longer periods of time with less possibility for early release. There was a 22 percent increase in arrests from 1986 to 1997. Overcrowding has also created a problem with understaffing in the job rich 1990s. However, as the crime rate increases and people become more frightened, the politicians answer with tougher sentencing principle and not rehabilitation.The desire to revitalize convicted offenders has a long history in constitution and answer in the American correctional system. As early as the eighteenth century to the present, politicians, correctional professionals, religious leaders, scholars and prison inmates themselves have participated in an ongoing reform movement and experiments all designed to rehabilitate lawbreakers, towards being law-abiding, self supporting individuals.What I go forth look at in this paper is the overcrowding in straight offs prison and some of the causes and costs of this overcrowding. I will define rehabilitation and what is has meant throughout history musical composition exploring what options argon available in todays prisons and the effectiveness of those options. In conclusion, I will show that if we refocus the system on rehabilitation and not merely the warehousing of immorals we could reduce the number of repeat offenders and relieve some of the overcrowding in Americas prisons.Overcrowding in the American prison system is a growing problem that we essential tackle. The harvest-tide rate of the prison population since midyear 2002 was 3.8 percent that is 7.6 percent annually. The tremendous increase in the prison population has resulted in continuous overcrowding the last two decades. neither prison construction not the availability of bed space to accommodate the growing prison population has kept pace. As state above, changes in sentencing legislation and crime control have played a major role in prison overcrowding. This is obvious because of the number of commitments to prison has grown disproportionately great than increases in population, the number of crimes and the number of arrests or the number of convictions. To better understand how these changes have played such a major role in overcrowding we must look at changes that have occurred in well-nigh states.One change is the creation of many new offenses that can result in prison terms or the revocation of probation or parole, sending offenders from the community back to prison. Some examples would be the newly created laws against stalking, as well as laws that make it a felony to on purpose transmit Aids.There have also been new rulings regarding penalties that now make prison terms mandatory for some offenses not previously associated with incarceration, such as DWI or DUI and certain(p) do drugs convictions. Judges can no longer use discretion in deciding which punishment the offender should receive. A finding of guilty mean that incarceration for a set term is automatic. These comparable laws prohibit probation for certain offenders. An example is in California, legislation has restricted or eliminated the possibility of probation for arson, unique(predicate) sex offenses, not special(a) to child molestation and residential burglary.Most states have lengthened prison terms associated with some convictions, particularly if certain weapons (aggravated crimes), or types of victims (children, elderly, handicapped) were involved, or if certain quantitative amounts of drugs were present. These special circumstances are said to elicit the seriousness of the crime.We have also seen many laws directed toward repeat offenders, with the passage of the habitual felon laws in which life sentences are possible for offenders convicted for a third time of a similar felony. Previously, only the maximum sentence allowed for that particular felony was permitted. The life sentence is a cumulative punishment for what the courts have called a criminal career.Many modifications and alterations were made for other sentences as well. For example, felons may be given sentences of life in prison without parole. Previously, all prisoners , after a designated time, became eligible for parole, regardless of whether or not they were actually granted the release. Many modifications of existing parole eligibility requirement force offenders to serve more time before becoming eligible for parole. Alterations to the good time statues have occurred letting prisoners stash away less time for good behavior and thus taking longer to acquire credits toward parole eligibility or discharge of the sentence.Although exact cost associated with overcrowding cannot be determined, we can look at present expenses incurred by prison and anticipate the increases asthe system takes on more and more inmates. Currently, taxpayers spend between $30,000 to $50,000 per inmate per year to maintain the state and federal correctional systems.That accommodates the operating costs and the cost of new construction. Depending on the level of security and the geographic region of the unify States, it can cost anywhere from $30,000 to $130,000 to bui ld each new bed space. The cost range was around $56,000 in 1992. Four out of five ceiling outlay dollars in construction, however, go for building expenses other than the housing area itself. Construction costs are only the down payment of a prisons total cost to society.The Federal Bureau of Prisons explains the operating cost for a prison over its practical life span at active fifteen to twenty times the original construction cost. Cost per inmate per day varies from state to state, and within each state from prison unit to prison unit. The units with greater security or larger amounts of medical and psychiatric discussion services will, of course, be more expensive to build and operate. Personnel is the major operating expense, usually accounting for an average of 75 percent of an agencys total operating bud get hold of.The results of overcrowding are serious deprivation in the quality of life for everyone in a correctional institution. Even though we have build hundreds of n ew prisons and expanded facilities in the last ten years, the average amount of space per inmate has decreased over 10 percent. Stretching resources beyond their capacity is something the courts watch carefully when monitoring prison conditions. Overcrowding may be measured in shortages of basic necessities, such as space, sheets, hot water, clothing and food. Vocational, schoolingal, and recreational programs may become ill overloaded. Medical services and supplies may be insufficient, thereby be health risks. Throughout the total system, high inmate to staff ratios lead to poor supervision and scheduling difficulties, which result in less inmate body process and greater safety risks for both the employee and the prisoner.The nature of a crowded environment itself may have serious effect on the health and well being of inmates. Noise and the lack of privacy associated with crowding may contribute to emotional stress and the development of mental health problems. Studies have sh own that crowding may increase the number of disciplinary infractions per inmate. Inmates in densely populated units may suffer from higher(prenominal) blood pressure. It has also been concluded that, as density of the population increases, so does the rate of mortality in inmates over the age of forty-five (Paulus 1988). Common conditions such as the spreading of colds, sexually transmitted diseases, and other infectious diseases are increased in overcrowded areas.Many studies have claimed the rate of psychiatric commitments and suicides reveal increases for inmate in crowded living areas. inquiry has also linked higher subsequent rates of criminal behavior to inmates from institutions that were overcrowded. Increases in violence, particularly staff and inmate assaults, are associated with overcrowded conditions as well. It is argued that living too close together heightens tempers and aggression, atomic number 82 nigh likely to confrontations.The nations courts are sentencing a nd admitting more offenders in Americas prisons than the facilities can hold. The Government Accounting Office business relationshiped for financial year 1992-1993, twenty-five state correctional systems requested funds for eighty-five new facilities that would add over fifty-six thousand new prison beds. Texas but asked for $600 million to finance the construction of twenty-five thousand new beds. The American Correctional Association guidelines call for a standard cell area of lx square feet for inmates spending no more than ten hours per day in their cell. In many prisons, inmates are double bunked in cells designed for one or sleep on mattresses in unheated prison gyms or on the floors of dayrooms, halls or basements. Some are housed in tents, other sleep in the same bunk different times of the day. Many taxpayers do not consider overcrowding a problem because they believe that discomfort should be a part of the punishment.Research has only recently begun to explore the effe cts of crowding beyond those on individual inmates, gatherings of inmates and the programs and services they receive. Information is still needed on the effect crowding has on thestaff, on the management strategies, on budgeting and government responses, on facility and equipment durability, and on the cost of operations under various strategies to reduce overcrowding.In 1996, or so half (48.4 percent) of the respondents surveyed by the Survey Research Program (College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University) thought that the most important goal of prison should be rehabilitation, while only 14.6 percent saw punishment as the most important goal of prison. One third thought that crime prevention/deterrence was the most important goal of prisons. Throughout most of American history correctional policy makers have positioned rehabilitation among the most important correctional goals. Treatment has appeared in many forms and clearly many ideas have proven ultimately to be unfounded.The earliest institutional treatment models, for example, place heavy reliance on the qualities of institutional life combined with spiritual contemplation as a source of individual reformation. The earliest penal facilities were founded under a Quaker lick back up either solitary confinement or a congregate model that imposed total silence upon its prisoners. It was assumed that in both systems would be degage from the evil influences and subject to strong separate. The outcome they believed would be a responsible citizen who had seen the error of their ways. More realistically, the practice of solitary confinement produced many instances of mental unsoundness before its use was abandoned. Historians have referred to this period as a time in which harshness was too quickly assumed to be discipline, an abusive discipline that did more to breaks spirits rather than reform them.A more positive approach was introduced shortly after the Civil War and put into practice in 1876 at the Elmira Reformatory for youthful offenders in New York. That program used ideas that we recognize today a related to operant conditioning. Borrowing from earlier Australian reforms, know as the mark, system reformers planned a model in which inmates could earn transfers to less secure prisons and ultimately their release through good behavior and work performance. The reformatory system is known for thecontemporary introduction of the indeterminate sentence and post-release supervision or parole. This afforded the correctional professionals the opportunity to predicate a release decision based upon an inmates satisfactory rehabilitation. The Elmira Reformatory, and other built shortly after in other states, can be recognize for their educational and other programs designed to facilitate change instead of passively waiting for inmates to see the need for change.More intensive efforts appeared from 1900 to 1920, when progressive reformers seized upon the new clinical appro aches expanded by social and mental sciences. The social wisdom of the day encouraged public education and the belief that social ills, including crime, could be prevented. Science, particularly social, medical and psychological sciences, also asserted that causes could be identified, diagnosed, and ultimately treated. The field of criminology during those years was characterized by the work of the positivists, researchers who found the roots of crime to be in biological traits and psychological ills, rather than in the rational choices made by offenders. The criminals, in other words, were ill. These progressive reformers sought to first diagnose the cause of crime and then treat them.They envisioned prisons like hospitals and diagnostic centers. Perhaps the greatest impact the progressive reformers had was in the development of a less adversarial and more rehabilitative ideology. While more treatment staff was later added, prisons did not become hospitals maybe because public in vestment in treatment was never sufficiently achieved. Nevertheless, the goals of individualized treatment, classification, and community corrections, and switch of humane, reform oriented programs of punishment dominated correctional policy throughout the first half of the twentieth century as rehabilitation enjoyed unchallenged situation until mid-century as the correctional priority.Rehabilitation was also helped by two presidential crime commissions and resulting legislation that provided state and federal seed money for many new crime prevention and treatment initiatives. These promotions, however, were short lived. Conservatives were lamenting a high crime rate and asserting that deterrence and incapacitation, the get tough approaches tocrime, were more effective. In the mid 1970s a review of the treatment evaluation literature by Robert Martinson (1974) concluded that rehabilitation had achieved no appreciable effect on recidivism. The Martinson report was indeed supportive of the subsequent swing to a far more conservative crime agenda. Over the next twenty years there was a move away from indeterminate sentencing toward determinate or presumptive sentencing models or guidelines. A drop in available money for new demonstration programs and cuts in many existing correctional treatment budgets only added to the conservative appeal. American prisons became frightfully overcrowded growing by 168 percent from 1980 to 1991 largely on the political promises to get tough on crime.However, correction agencies did not totally give up on rehabilitation. A growing drug problem required new strategies for dealings with drug and alcohol addictions. Treatment research and evaluation efforts continued and began to show more favorable results. While current use of treatment and rehabilitation applied science is not what it should be in actual practice, most rehabilitation scholars conclude that a good deal has been learned over the past decades some specific strat egies that work.Rehabilitation is synonymous with hindrances or treatment. Sometimes rehabilitation might more accurately be called habilitation. Habilitation, in this sense refers to the offender whose behavior is the result of not having received the skills or personal qualities needed to live a life free from crime. The Palmer Model (1992) is a rehabilitation program model, which has shown favorable results. Whether speaking of rehabilitation, habilitation, treatment services, or treatment we are referring to distinct, correctional programs that a) change or modify the offender or help them modify themselves or b) change or modify life circumstances and improve social opportunities.Such methods should utilize, develop or redirect the powers and mechanisms of the individuals mind and body in order to enhance the ability to cope and grow. Palmer excludes from his definition any correctional options that try to reduce, physically traumatize, disorganize or devastate the mind or bo dy by pith such as dismemberment or electroshock techniques. He includes measures that try toaffect the individuals future behavior, attitudes toward self, and interactions with other by focusing on such factors and conditions as the individuals adjustment techniques, interest, skills, personal limitations and/or life circumstances.Often correctional options are put forward as measures toward step-down future crime, while most options offer no real plan to change targeted criminal behavior. Halfway houses by themselves do not constitute treatment unless there is a treatment program in place. The distinction between treatment, control and custody may be a confusing one for policy makers and others, because one seldom hears of new correctional options put forward without some promise, to either solve the crime problem, or reform the offenders. Boot camps, for example, have been touted as short-term treatment programs for first time offenders, particularly drug offenders. But the mil itary regimen has little basis in any treatment model, and very much no interventions are specifically targeted to the drug problem. In the same fashion, intermediate sanctions such as intensive probation, house arrests, and electronic monitoring serve a custody and control function rather than one of treatment.There are many types of correctional rehabilitation programs. Rehabilitation may occur in mental health and substance abuse, educational or vocational programs. Some might also include spiritual programs, although there is very little research utilise to religious programs used for rehabilitation.Mental health programs comprise a wide array of strategies. In rare cases, an institution may provide in-depth psychotherapy for seriously troubled inmates. Such approaches would deal with internalized conflicts, anxieties, phobias, depression, uncontrollable anger, neurosis and other serious mental health problems. Many factors such as early abuse, trauma, abandonment or dysfuncti onal family like could cause these problems. Strategies known as here and now treatment models are however far more common approaches to treating or counseling prison inmates.As the names suggests here and now programs assist clients in dealing withcurrent issues in their lives, such as how poor attitudes might influence work performance. Here and now strategies include behavioral programs, social learning approaches and cognitive therapies. The here and now approach is preferred for a number of reasons. One is cost much less the in-depth psychotherapy and does not require the use of highly skilled clinicians.Correctional personnel holding a bachelors or a masters degree can be trained to use Reality Therapy and behavioral approaches. Also here and now strategies are more apt to deal with observable behavior that with the more abstract, subconscious processes that are the subject of psychoanalysis. Finally, here and now strategies work well in-group settings. In fact, most treatment approaches in the corrections area are group-counseling programs, necessitated by the large prison population and the limited resources. This is not necessarily a disadvantage, because group treatments offer more than just money savings. Group cohesiveness and peer influence can be vehicles for change in themselves. One other thing is group approaches afford an opportunity for social interaction that cannot take place in individual counseling situations. nurture and competence of prison inmates speaks strongly of the need for prison educational programs. In 1984 a staggering forty-two percent of the incarcerated adult population functioned below a sixth grade schoolman level. Over half of the inmate population appears to lack basic reading skills. Many would qualify for special educational programs, especially those for the learning disabled. Even with these tragic statistics and the fact that academic and vocational education has long been identified as an important goal of corre ctional agencies and correctional professional organizations, the status of educational programs in American prisons is not a commendable one. Adult populations are largely under-served and program effectiveness is questionable.The most common programs in todays prison are those that reference academic deficiencies. Adult basic literacy programs or Adult Basic Education programs for example promote literacy and address the basic academicdeficiencies. Such programs can be self-paced and require the use of programmed materials rather than classroom instruction, thus are cost efficient by using outside extends and other inmates to facilitate instruction. General Education Diploma (GED) classes are available in most adult correctional settings. Participation in these programs for adults is usually voluntary and part time. Both the GED and the basic education programs are sometimes criticized for their failure to stress important like skills and competencies. GED for example is said to be a test-driven model used to certify rather than to educate. This denunciation extends to other areas of prison education.Vocational education programs are faulted for their failure to teach inmates marketable job skills those that would prepare inmates to enter the work force. Many of todays fields have become much more technical in recent years, and the correctional agencies cannot afford to keep up. These advances and the machinery needed to train inmates in their applications is cost prohibited. Womens programs are also criticized for emphasizing traditional womens jobs, which usually equate to lower pay. Many of the women prisoners are single mothers with a real need for higher paying non-traditional jobs. Finally, careers that require licenses or apprenticeships are not well suited to prison, because prison terms are often too short to jibe a typical apprenticeship period.By 1978, the federal prison system was operating thirty-three drug treatment units. Although many pro grams today have been severely limited by budget cuts, attempts have been made to involve not only those inmates under court order to receive treatment but also those who volunteer for treatment. Still, only eleven percent of federal inmates are involved in drug abuse programs. A survey of 277 prison facilities in 1991 determined that just about one-third of all inmates participated in some type of drug treatment program. Most had been involved in-group counseling others were in self-help programs, and some received in-patient services.In prison most common program formats are group therapy, self-help, and drug education programs. Education programs can be offered in short segments, andreach large audiences for a lower cost. But these programs have been criticized for using scare tactics or for not acknowledging the realities that make drug use attractive to those with troubled lives. Drug education is most effective on a very young population who has not yet used drugs, and this p rofile does not describe most incarcerated offenders. One of the biggest criticisms of prison treatment programs is that they offer fewer services for shorter periods of time than those of outside programs. Outside programs are more likely to involve family and to provide follow up referral as well as components for instance as job counseling, education, and vocational training.When paroled, continued drug use many result in re-incarceration. In 1990 drug related parole violations in California accounted for thirty-two percent of returns to prison. Several studies have linked substance abuse treatment while incarcerated with later victor on parole. Unfortunately many programs do not follow up on their participants to evaluate their success. Four programs that have had a relatively low rate of recidivism were reviewed in 1989. The shared characteristics included offering a wide range of activities, teaching practical life skills, using nontraditional correctional employees who were realistic about the program goals, and formal and informal follow up with participants after release. Spending more time in treatment also appeared to be related to lower arrest rates and successful completion of parole.Recent correctional history shows us that treatment endeavors can be toppled quickly by those who question their effectiveness. When these doubts are voiced in the context of an unfavorable political climate, the results can be devastating. Yet one favorable outcome of the discouraging setbacks to correctional rehabilitation has been approximately two decades of research designed to check the accuracy of the unfavorable reviews.Clearly the most valuable contribution to our knowledge in this area comes from the advent of meta-analyses, in which the results of many studies are statistically aggregated and assessed as one sample. Across these studies, findings typically show that effective programs reduced recidivism rates byapproximately twenty percent. Generally, 25 t o 35 percent of the experimental treatment programs studied achieved positive results. The meta-analyses, along with several extensive reviews of the literature, also identify the treatments most likely to succeed. These include behavioral, cognitive behavioral, life skills, family intervention and some multi-modal approaches.The meta-analyses also show us that the treatment modality is only one of the factors that differentiate a successful intervention from an unsuccessful one. Programmatic characteristics also have an impact. These characteristics include1. Whether the program is well matched to its clients.2. Dosage, or how much of an intervention is received.3. Therapeutic integrity.4. Administrative management style.5. Provision of a retrogress prevention component.6. Whether the program was designed according to theoretical model.In an unfavorable, punishment-focused political climate, the relative success of rehabilitation appears to go unnoticed. Politicians quell the publ ics maintenance of crime with promises of yet stricter incarceration policies, more police officers, and occasional digressions into the latest correctional fad. Sadly, the singular focus on punishment is not purely illustration of public sentiment. While it is true that the public favors get tough policies, support for rehabilitation is also strong. A series of surveys conducted on the past decade show that indeed the public is punishment oriented, but, the surveys also clearly show the public experts treatment-oriented programs to accompany incarceration. In other words, Get tough on crime does not mean to warehouse or to ignore treatment andeducation.As we continue in this new millennium we must make some important choices about what we want our prison system to be. It is clear to me that we can no longer sit back and continue to let our prisons mainly be warehouses for keeping those individuals whose problems we prefer not to recognize or treat. The reduction in the recidivis m rate by twenty percent when effective programs are used is reason enough for the American public to demand that rehabilitation become more of a focused priority to prison officials as well as politicians and also a priority with the politicians.We are incarcerating large numbers of people who actually have a disease, since most experts consider substance abuse a disease and not criminal behavior. Until we concentrate on curing the problems of society that cause most of these criminals to adopt behavior that they are being punished for, we will continue to see a rise in the numbers incarcerated. I believe rehabilitation can lower the number of repeat offenders if we are willing to redirect the focus of our prisons. It will not be easy and it will not be cheap but it will be worth it for the good of society as a whole. Rehabilitation of criminals can be greatly improved, and the successful measurement documented by implementing a very old but successful scientific opening of cause and effect.Work CitedBegun, Abbey M. B.A. ed., Jacobs, M.A. ed., Quiram, Jacquelyn F. B.A. ed. Prisons and Jails a Deterrent to Crime? Information Plus 1999 ed.Davis, Bertha. Instead of Prison. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Franklin Watts publishing 1986.Lacayo, Richard, Law and Order, Crime rates are down across the U.S.-Some dramatically. Is this a blip or a Trend? With so many factors in play, it may be a bit of both. 15 January, 1996 Volume 147, No. 3(http//www.time.com/time/mag/e/1996/dom/960115/cover.html)McShane, Marilyn. D. ed., Williams III, Frank P. ed. Encyclopedia of American Prisons. New York and London, Garland Publishing,Inc., 1996Menninger, Karl. The Crime of Punishment. New York, Viking Press, 1968Oliver, Marilyn Tower. Prisons, Todays Debate. New Jersey, Enslow Publishing, 1997United States. Federal Bureau of Prisons. Inmate Programs and Services.(http//www,bop.gov)United States. Prison Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics Prison Statistics(http//www/ojp.u sdoj-gov/bjs/prison.htm)

Osmosis Lab

Osmosis Lab March 22, 2013 Amanda L***** Introduction Transport into and discover of your carrels is important beca expend with surface prison cellular transport, the cell could not break sensible into or out of the cell. This would lead to its inability to survive because cells must take in oxygen and food, and expel waste material that could inhibit the cell from suffice in the body. A type of cell transport in authorityicular is passive transport.Passive transport is a kind oftransportby whichionsormoleculesmove along aconcentration gradient, which means movementfrom an ara of mettlesomeerconcentrationto an area oflowerconcentration. Passive transport does not require an issue of energy. There are 4 main types of passive transport simple airing, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. In this lab, we are particularly looking at osmosis and how it affects coif and animal cells.Osmosis is the diffusion of weewee molecules across a selectively permeable membrane . In part A of this lab, we submerged the ball in acetum overnight, followed by peeling the sluggish shells from the eggs cautiously while trying not to break the membrane the next day. We then recorded every observations we made on the eggs including clog and appearance. Next, we recorded whatsoever observations we could make on the carrots and potatoes before we put them into their dissolver.We then indicated the eggs(animal cells), carrots, and potatoes( whole kit cells) into their bases and let them stand in their hypotonic and hypertonic solutions overnight followed by observing any removes in load and appearance the next day. In severalise B, we continued an onion fix cell exposed to distilled irrigate under a microscope, and another onion cell exposed to a saturated flavour solution, and drew the twain different cells comparing the differences between their exposure to the hypotonic( weewee) and hypertonic( flavour weewee, corn syrup) solutions. Part APurpos e To observe the cause of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells. Hypothesis I predict that the hypotonic solution testament cause the plant and animal cells to thrive due to the difference in concentration on the inside of the cells, and the hypertonic solutions will cause the cells to shrink due to absorption of water molecules in the cells. Materials * 400mL beakers (2) * blame Water * Eggs (2) * Vinegar * Salt water * carrots (2) * Corn syrup * Potato strips (2) Procedure Day 1 1. Submerge the eggs in vinegar in a beaker. May have to weigh them down) 2. Leave them undisturbed overnight. Day 2 3. Peel the softened shells from the egg cautiously so as not to break the 3membrane. 4. Record any pertinent observations on the egg, carrot and potato strip. 5. habitation single egg and carrot in a beaker of water. 6. Place potato strip in a screen tube. 7. Place the carrot in a beaker of saturated salt water and use corn syrup for the other egg. 8. Place the second potato strip in a test tube of saturated salt water. 9. Label the beakers and test tube and place in the cupboard overnight.Day 3 10. Record any pertinent observations. Observations shew and Animal Cells in Hypertonic answer Solution air/texture onward Weight before(g) Appearance/texture After Weight After(g) Egg 1 Corn Syrup -translucent-yellowish colour-soft 77. 53 -opaque-white/yellow colour-feels firm 51. 17 Carrot 1 Salt solution -orange-sturdy 2. 59 -orange-sturdier -appears slightly smaller 2. 36 Potato 1 Salt solution -yellowish colour-sturdy 2. 92 -same colour-sturdier 2. 85 Plant and Animal Cells in Hypotonic Solution(Distilled Water) Weight Before(g) Appearance/Texture After Weight After (g) Egg 2 71. 82 -opaque-orange colour 84. 10 Carrot 2 2. 29 -orange colour-not as sturdy 2. 52 Potato 2 2. 49 -yellowish colour-not as sturdy 2. 98 Part B Purpose To observe changes in plant cells when they are placed in a hypotonic(distilled water) solution and a hypertonic(saturated salt water) solution. Hypothesis I predict that the hypertonic solution will cause the water to leave the cell, shrinking it due to dehydration from the salt.Materials * Microscope * Microscope parachute * Coverslip * Tap water * Saturated salt water * Onion Procedure 1. hold a pie-eyed mount using distilled water of a thin section of onion skin on a microscope slide. 2. View to thrust one to two cells. handling magnification which shows the best detail. 3. Prepare another wet mount using the saturated salt solution instead of distilled water. 4. View and draw one to two cells. Use the same magnification you used for the first draft. Observations Refer to onion cell drawings. AnalysisMy predictions were twain correct in part A and in part B when I stated that the cells would shrink in the hypertonic solution and enlarge in the hypotonic solution. The reason this go byred was because when a cell is immersed into a hypertonic solution, the pitchency is for water to flow out of the cell in order to balance the concentration of the solute. When a cell is immersed in a hypotonic solution, it has a tendency to balance concentrations by water flowing into the cell, causing it to enlarge because of the lower concentration of solutes in its surroundings.None of the cells observed had the same weight when removed from their solution meaning they were not isotonic. Had they been isotonic, the solution would have no effect on the cells, therefore when placed in an isotonic solution the cells would tend to neither befool nor lose water. When observing the effects of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells, I came to the conclusion that the plant cells did not change much(prenominal) in weight. This is due to their cell palisades which make it tougher for the cell to expand.The pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall is known as turgor pressure. In the drawing of the onion cell expo sed to a hypertonic solution, the cell membrane appeared to be shriveled up inside the cell wall due to its turgidity. military rank In part A, I did not experience any errors with the cells themselves, but potential sources of error could have been inaccurate measurements before and afterward placing the cells in their solution. separate potential sources of error could have occurred while peeling the shell off the egg, causing the membrane to break.In part B, I added too much distilled water to the slide making it difficult to get a good view of the onion cell exposed to the hypotonic solution. When performing a mistakable experiment in the future, I will be sure to add less drops with the eyedropper to the slide, enabling a clearer view of the cells I am observing. Application Questions 1. If the cells of a fresh water plant are placed in salt water, they will shrivel up due to the concentration difference between the salt water and the table of contents of the cell (cytoplas m). The water would escape the cell through osmosis causing it to dehydrate resulting in the shrinkage of the plant cell. . The fish that is used to salt water has high solutes and the freshwater is deficient of solutes, so when you place asaltwater fishin freshwater, the freshwater will move into the cells, causing them to yawl and burst. 3. Grocery stores often spray the vegetables because the fresh water enters the plant cells through osmosis and makes them more turgid resulting in longer lasting freshness. 4. The use of road salt in the winter kills the plants alongside the road because the salt causes the cell to enter a hypertonic state. This causes the cytoplasm to move away from cell wall lastly making the plant shrivel up and die.Osmosis LabOsmosis Lab March 22, 2013 Amanda L***** Introduction Transport into and out of your cells is important because without cellular transport, the cell could not move material into or out of the cell. This would lead to its inability to s urvive because cells must take in oxygen and food, and expel waste material that could inhibit the cell from performing in the body. A type of cell transport in particular is passive transport.Passive transport is a kind oftransportby whichionsormoleculesmove along aconcentration gradient, which means movementfrom an area ofhigherconcentrationto an area oflowerconcentration. Passive transport does not require an output of energy. There are 4 main types of passive transport simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. In this lab, we are particularly looking at osmosis and how it affects plant and animal cells.Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. In part A of this lab, we submerged the eggs in vinegar overnight, followed by peeling the softened shells from the eggs carefully while trying not to break the membrane the next day. We then recorded any observations we made on the eggs including weight and appearance. Nex t, we recorded any observations we could make on the carrots and potatoes before we put them into their solution.We then placed the eggs(animal cells), carrots, and potatoes(plant cells) into their solutions and let them stand in their hypotonic and hypertonic solutions overnight followed by observing any changes in weight and appearance the next day. In Part B, we observed an onion cell exposed to distilled water under a microscope, and another onion cell exposed to a saturated salt solution, and drew the two different cells comparing the differences between their exposure to the hypotonic(water) and hypertonic(salt water, corn syrup) solutions. Part APurpose To observe the effects of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells. Hypothesis I predict that the hypotonic solution will cause the plant and animal cells to enlarge due to the difference in concentration on the inside of the cells, and the hypertonic solutions will cause the cells to shrink due to absorpti on of water molecules in the cells. Materials * 400mL beakers (2) * Tap Water * Eggs (2) * Vinegar * Salt water * Carrots (2) * Corn syrup * Potato strips (2) Procedure Day 1 1. Submerge the eggs in vinegar in a beaker. May have to weigh them down) 2. Leave them undisturbed overnight. Day 2 3. Peel the softened shells from the egg carefully so as not to break the 3membrane. 4. Record any pertinent observations on the egg, carrot and potato strip. 5. Place one egg and carrot in a beaker of water. 6. Place potato strip in a test tube. 7. Place the carrot in a beaker of saturated salt water and use corn syrup for the other egg. 8. Place the second potato strip in a test tube of saturated salt water. 9. Label the beakers and test tube and place in the cupboard overnight.Day 3 10. Record any pertinent observations. Observations Plant and Animal Cells in Hypertonic Solution Solution Appearance/texture Before Weight before(g) Appearance/texture After Weight After(g) Egg 1 Corn Syrup -tra nslucent-yellowish colour-soft 77. 53 -opaque-white/yellow colour-feels firm 51. 17 Carrot 1 Salt solution -orange-sturdy 2. 59 -orange-sturdier -appears slightly smaller 2. 36 Potato 1 Salt solution -yellowish colour-sturdy 2. 92 -same colour-sturdier 2. 85 Plant and Animal Cells in Hypotonic Solution(Distilled Water) Weight Before(g) Appearance/Texture After Weight After (g) Egg 2 71. 82 -opaque-orange colour 84. 10 Carrot 2 2. 29 -orange colour-not as sturdy 2. 52 Potato 2 2. 49 -yellowish colour-not as sturdy 2. 98 Part B Purpose To observe changes in plant cells when they are placed in a hypotonic(distilled water) solution and a hypertonic(saturated salt water) solution. Hypothesis I predict that the hypertonic solution will cause the water to leave the cell, shrinking it due to dehydration from the salt.Materials * Microscope * Microscope slide * Coverslip * Tap water * Saturated salt water * Onion Procedure 1. Prepare a wet mount using distilled water of a thin section of onion skin on a microscope slide. 2. View to draw one to two cells. Use magnification which shows the best detail. 3. Prepare another wet mount using the saturated salt solution instead of distilled water. 4. View and draw one to two cells. Use the same magnification you used for the first drawing. Observations Refer to onion cell drawings. AnalysisMy predictions were both correct in part A and in part B when I stated that the cells would shrink in the hypertonic solution and enlarge in the hypotonic solution. The reason this occurred was because when a cell is immersed into a hypertonic solution, the tendency is for water to flow out of the cell in order to balance the concentration of the solute. When a cell is immersed in a hypotonic solution, it has a tendency to balance concentrations by water flowing into the cell, causing it to enlarge because of the lower concentration of solutes in its surroundings.None of the cells observed had the same weight when remov ed from their solution meaning they were not isotonic. Had they been isotonic, the solution would have no effect on the cells, therefore when placed in an isotonic solution the cells would tend to neither gain nor lose water. When observing the effects of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells, I came to the conclusion that the plant cells did not change much in weight. This is due to their cell walls which make it tougher for the cell to expand.The pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall is known as turgor pressure. In the drawing of the onion cell exposed to a hypertonic solution, the cell membrane appeared to be shriveled up inside the cell wall due to its turgidity. Evaluation In part A, I did not experience any errors with the cells themselves, but potential sources of error could have been inaccurate measurements before and after placing the cells in their solution. Other potential sources of error could have occurred while peeling the shell off the egg, causing the membrane to break.In part B, I added too much distilled water to the slide making it difficult to get a good view of the onion cell exposed to the hypotonic solution. When performing a similar experiment in the future, I will be sure to add less drops with the eyedropper to the slide, enabling a clearer view of the cells I am observing. Application Questions 1. If the cells of a fresh water plant are placed in salt water, they will shrivel up due to the concentration difference between the salt water and the contents of the cell (cytoplasm). The water would escape the cell through osmosis causing it to dehydrate resulting in the shrinkage of the plant cell. . The fish that is used to salt water has high solutes and the freshwater is deficient of solutes, so when you place asaltwater fishin freshwater, the freshwater will move into the cells, causing them to swell and burst. 3. Grocery stores frequently spray the vegetables because the fresh water enters the plant cells through osmosis and makes them more turgid resulting in longer lasting freshness. 4. The use of road salt in the winter kills the plants alongside the road because the salt causes the cell to enter a hypertonic state. This causes the cytoplasm to move away from cell wall eventually making the plant shrivel up and die.Osmosis LabName ____Justine Basilone___ Osmotic Regulation Virtual Laboratory Biology Go to the following virtual testing ground http//www. glencoe. com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/LS03/LS03. html Answer your questions in this word document, save the file and submit through Edmodo. Your answers should be at least 2 complete sentences if not more Part I Observations & Data Read the Introductory information and the Procedure located in the window to the left of the screen and then perform the laboratory. For your convenience, the data table has been inserted below fill this one in (the website tends to delete data) Molecules Name Red Blood Cell Red Blood Cell interlocking Water Movement In / Out Appearance of Cell Hypotonic Solution Blown up and fat Moves in to red blood cell Isotonic Solution Normal, did not appear different Moves in and out of red blood cell Hypertonic Solution Shriveled up Moves out of red blood cell Elodea Elodea Net Water Movement In / Out Appearance of Cell Hypotonic Solution Gets large Moves in to Elodea Isotonic Solution Appears the same. Moves in and out of Elodea (stays the same) Hypertonic Solution Moves out of Elodea The inside shrinks and gets smaller paramecia paramecium Net Water Movement In / Out Appearance of Cell Hypotonic Solution Paramecium blows up and gets bigger. Moves in to Paramecium Isotonic Solution Seems to stay the same. Moves in and out of Paramecium Hypertonic Solution Shriveled up and makes the cell appear smaller. Moves out of Paramecium Part II Questions & Conclusions 1) Did water move into the cells or out of the cells while they were surrounded by hypotonic solution?Water moved into all of the cells while they were surrounded by hypotonic solution. 2) In which direction did the water move through the cell membrane when the cells were surrounded by the hypertonic solution? The direction that the water appeared to be despicable through the cell membrane was both ways, in and out. 3) Compare and contrast what happens to an animal cell, a plant cell, and a Paramecium cell in a hypotonic, and isotonic, and a hypertonic solution. (Does the cell wall make a difference? ) What seemed to surprise me most is that no matter what cell was used each solution had the same effect of the cells, no matter what kind it was. So no, the cell wall does not appear to make a difference. ) Could Elodea or Paramecium from a freshwater lake be expected to survive if transplanted into the ocean? Explain. Since they both react the same to different solutions I do believe that it is possible for both cells to be transplanted in the ocean and survive. 5) If you were to grill a steak, would it be better to put salt on it BEFORE or AFTER you cooked it? Explain why, victimisation THE TERMS OF OSMOSIS from this activity. While grilling a steak it is better to put salt on it before you grill it so while it is grilling osmosis will occur and it will retain the salt. So instead of it just sitting on top of the steak it will be on the inside. Giving it more flavor of the salt while eating it. ) Why does salad become dormant and wilted when the dressing has been on it for a while? Explain why, in terms of osmosis. The reason why salad becomes soggy and wilted when dressing has been on it for a while is because as it is sitting there osmosis takes place and the salad begins to take in the moisture of the salad dressing, leaving it soggy and wilted. 7) An effective way to kill weeds is to pour salt water on the ground around the plants. Explain why the weeds die, using the principles detect in this virtual lab. I believe that the weeds would die due to the fact that as the weeds take in what they think is just water only to later dry out by taking in the salt along with it using osmosis.

PEST Analysis of the External Environment Essay

The paper provides an analysis of the Case Study for Westjet Airlines, Canada. The case is taken from the work done by Peter Yannoupoulus (pg 376-380) Problem Statement The fol piteousing problem statements are proposed 1. Westjet Airlines total debt is higher relative to its shareholder equity a measure that may call off for external financing. The company needs a strategy to ensure its self-sufficiency. 2. Westjet has many competitors and has to come up with strategies to ensure it remains in the foodstuff and makes profits.The major questions that instruction of Westjet have to deal with is whether to maintain its status quo of offering low exist and low fare, whether to venture more in the third party charter constituent or whether to be involved in the Trans borders segment. The management has to decide the best strategy it will use to achieve its expansion plan and decision essential be made urgently. PEST Analysis of the External Environment Political/ Legal After the 9/ 11 attack operating in the smooth commercializes has become uneconomical due to join on cost.Legal measures by the g everyplacenment translated to higher costs to dividing linelines, which were transferred to consumers. Non-profit airport authorities have also led to the increased prices that act as a disincentive to air transportation. Most customers are price sensitive and care must be taken to maintain its competitiveness. Westjet incurred added costs by providing amenities to its customers like leather seats, snacks leg rooms and television. Economic It offers quality services, empowers its employees and shares profits. This way it maintains its competitiveness.Having good relationships with employees creates good relationships with customers. Employees can make decisions and solve customer problems without the unnecessary delay of contracting the management. Employees are made to feel as if they are part of the company. By offering quality services and on occupancy traini ng it improves its highly motivated employees skills. It employs qualified people who also have a right attitude. Employees are motivated by the profit sharing where they vanquish additional money from what the company makes.Through its employees share purchase plan, it encourages its employees to invest in the companys stock. Pricing Its fares are 55% lower than air Canada fares. It offers services at a low cost so as to increase the traffic flow. It attracts passengers who would prefer other means of transport as wellhead as those without the traveling idea but attracted by the prices. Westjet intends to expand its scope to serve the central and eastern Canada. By early 2004, it was serving 24 Canadian cities. (P. 376) Environment/ Technological In increasing its efficiency Westjet may be obliged to incur high costs but the benefits are worth it.For spokesperson the installation of winglets that cost $ 635,000 per plane would result to $ 112,500 savings p. a per plane. (p. 379) Social and Cultural Westjet airlines provide passenger, cargo and third party charter services to Canadas domestic market. It started its operations in 1996 with 3 aircrafts and 220 employees by 2003. It has expanded and now employs 3610 employees and 14 aircrafts. It has entered an agreement with Air transit, the leading Canadian charter airline and it tide rip its airplanes during off-peak seasons like in winter months. It also did its maintenance and rented some of its simulators.Competition Air Canada, the largest competitor has more resources and a higher command in the market. It accessed over 90% of Canadian airline industry, US trans border and international markets. It makes counter decisions to be at better grounds than Westjet. Other low fare competitors involve Cantet, HMY airways, Zoom airlines, Tango, and Jazz and Zip air. Decisions Alternative and Solutions Alternative -1 Tran border expansion Westjet may decide to expand in Tran border operations. Venturing into t his area calls for increased cost in increasing aircrafts.Tough competition from subsidiary airlines of stronger airline could threaten its low fare strategy. There is very high competition in the trans-boarder market as it includes both the Canadian as well as the US airlines. Replacing the older aircrafts would also be essential to pave way for efficient aircrafts to travel non-stop across cities in Canada as well as across the borders. Alternative -2 Offer low cost and low fare and increase Canada market Westjet can maintain its status quo. It can strengthen or empower its employees results to increase their satisfaction that is further projected to the customers.Its small size will ensures low cost structure and fewer employees. Operating in the profitable routes makes it more efficient than large airlines. It must also ensure that it offers convenient schedules. It can increase or maintain these profits by increasing its scope. Westjet can advertise its services extensively th rough it the advertising and new media division in its sales and marketing. Advertisements can be through magazines, outdoors advertising, radio, television, and transit messaging and web advertisement. (P. 378).It can also increase offers to act as incentives like random forward motion for instance, the prime ministers day special. Westjet offers tickets less reservation system through Internet bookings that are very convenient and effective to consumers. It also eliminated unnecessary costs that go with printing distribution and tracking of tickets Alternative -3 Venture more in charter segment. Westjet can opt to expand in the third party area or the charter services. It is appropriate as the unutilized aircrafts can be utilized during winter. It can team up with established charter flight businesses.Most upgrade Alternative The strategy that best suffice Westjet expansion is to expand its operation in Canada. Westjet has only exploited 10% of its potential market share and therefore has more potential to expand. (p. 375). It can increase the number of flights made and venture into areas that have not been exploited. Profits and ROI In 2001 Westjet had $ 478 gazillion profits that rose to $ 680 million in 2002. It can continue with this trend if it exploits the unexploited 90% of its potential. (P. 380)References Peter Yannoupoulus. West Jet Airlines Case 4 pg 376-380

History Marking Scheme

Junior Certificate memorial Exam 2012 (Higher Level) 180 filths 150 minutes S. 1 Pictures (15 grudges) (8 ? %) 3 Pictures with 3 questions each S. 2 Documents (15 marks) (8 ? %) 2 Documents with 4/5 questions each S. 3 Short Questions (20 marks) (11 %) 20 Short Questions Do TEN at least S. 4 People in bill (40 marks 2 x 20) (22%) N. B. DO iodin option from A & ONE option from B Section A Ancient Civilisations/ Rome/ ahead of time Christian Ireland/ centerfield Ages/ RenaissanceSection B Age of Revolutions/ Industrial Revolution/ Political Change in twentieth Century Ireland/ S. 5 Long Document (30 marks) (16 ? %) lone(prenominal) ONE of the following sections will come up. Reformation Age of Revolutions (America, France, Ireland) Age of Exploration Industrial Revolution & 19th Century Ireland (Famine) Plantations S. 6 (60 marks) (33 1/3%) N. B. International Relations in the 20th Century (30) Political Change in 20th Century Ireland (30) (+ Two other sections from Junior Cert Course e. g. The Middle Ages/ Prehistoric Ireland) SECTION 4 PEOPLE IN HISTORY (2 x 20 marks)Do ONE OPTION from disclose A & ONE OPTION from Part B Marking Scheme SRS = Significant Relevant Statement (Each SRS = 2 marks) CM = 16 (8 x 2M) OM = Overall Mark OM = 4 VERY dandy = 4M GOOD = 3M FAIR = 2M POOR = 1M Guidelines 1) ENSURE that you are writing from the correct perspective e. g. a supporter of a named radical 2) Always include an antecedent paragraph on the birth and early life of a named explorer/ reformer/ new drawing card etc. 3) Ensure that you subject & EXPLAIN appoint concepts e. g. Justification by Faith Alone/ Republicanism/ Sailing West to reach the East Indies ) ALWAYS name & describe the widely-held printings of the time of the named person e. g. Church govern over peoples religious beliefs/ Flat-Earth/ Ireland as part of the UK/ USA as a colony of England/ 5) come upon the group(s)/ organisation(s) who were founded by or supported the beliefs of the named person 6) ALWAYS pick out & appoint the preserve of inventions/ innovations that aided the stated person & their beliefs/ revolution e. g. Printing Press/ Astrolabe/ Magnetic Compass/ Seed Drill/ Selective Breeding/ grind System/ Steam Locomotive/ Home Rule/ IRB Fenianism/ Fascism/ Communism/ ) let out & EXPLAIN how people and institutions reacted to the named persons beliefs/ discoveries e. g. the Counter-Reformation/ superstitions of sailors during the Age of Discovery/ British refusal to claim Irish Independence/ 8) DESCRIBE the impact of the named person on later history itself Spread of Protestantism throughout Europe/ Counter-Reformation/ Spanish Inquisition/ Discovery of American Continents/ New Colonies/ New ways of travelling/ Spread of Irish Republicanism/ Spread of Communism/ Spread of Fascism in Europe PART A OPTIONS (PEOPLE IN HISTORY) first MODERN EUROPE & IRELAND A monk in an early Christian monastery in Ireland (2011/ 07/ 05) N. B. A person living in a named ancient subtlety OUTSIDE of Ireland. (11/ 09/ 06/ 04) N. B. A farmer living in ancient (pre-Christian) Ireland. (08/ 05) A named religious reformer at the time of the Reformation (2011/ 08) N. B. An archaeologist works on a dig. (2010/ 07/ 04) The lord or lady of a medieval castle. (2010/ 08) A knight living in a medieval castle. (05) N. B. A named Renaissance workman from OUTSIDE of Italy. (2009) N. B. A named Renaissance artist or sculptor (07 (PART B)/ 04) N. B. PART B OPTIONS (PEOPLE IN HISTORY) Later Modern Europe & Ireland A named leader on a voyage during the Age of Exploration (2011/ 09/ 06 (PART A) N. B. A native Irish landowner who lost land in a named plantation during the 16th or 17th centuries. (2011) A settler who received land during a named plantation in Ireland during the 16th or 17th N. B. entury. (08/ 06 (PART A)/ 04) A mine or pulverisation worker during the Industrial Revolution. (07) N. B. A factory or mine owner during the Industrial Revolu tion (05) N. B. A named leader in the struggle for Irish liberty, 1900-1921. (2011/ 07/ 05) N. B. A named leader involved in a revolution (America, France or Ireland) during the period, 1770-1815. (2010/ 05) N. B. A supporter of a named revolutionary leader during the period, 1770-1803. 06) N. B. A named leader involved in one of the crises during the rise of the superpowers (Berlin Blockade Korean contend Cuban Missile Crisis). (2010/ 06) N. B. A named policy-making leader in the Republic of Ireland during the period, 1960-1985. (08 ) An old person describing changes that bring occurred in communications in Ireland since 1945. (04) A A named religious reformer at the time of the Reformation. (20 marks) A peculiar(prenominal) reformer (eg Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII) must be named or implied, but no marks are awarded for the reformers name.If the name of the reformer is not mentioned, or is incorrect, but the stuff relates to a specific reformer, max. OM = 3. In the case of Luther, delicacy all temporal up to and including his ordination as background, i. e. 1 SRS max. In the case of Calvin, delicacy all material up to and including his conversion to Luthers teaching as background, i. e. 1 SRS max. List of abuses, stated or explained, = 1 SRS. A belief/teaching explained = 1 SRS. A belief coupled with the germane(predicate) Catholic teaching = 1 SRS. 2 merely stated beliefs/teachings = 1 SRS. Teachings/beliefs = 3 SRSs max. raise PLAN NAME the reformer/ year of birth/ background & education NAME & EXPLAIN the list of abuses within the Roman Church demesne the reformers beliefs and ruling of abuses in detail NAME the steps he took to address these abuses STATE & DESCRIBE the Churchs reaction to the reformers actions/ beliefs NAME the reformers beliefs and EXPLAIN N. B. ***** NAME any associates who aided the reformer NAME any invention/ innovation that helped to spread the reformers beliefs DESCRIBE the impact of the reformers teachin gs/ beliefs DESCRIBE how the Church reacted to the reformerA A knight living in a medieval castle. Castle or Knight only dealt with 1 OM. Name of a castle feature + description / function = 1 SRS. Mere list of castle features without description/function 2 features = 1 SRS. ESSAY PLAN NAME yourself (you are the knight) STATE who your LORD is and your allegiance to him DESCRIBE WHAT YOUR ROLE is in the CASTLE & HOW you defend it NAME & DESCRIBE WHERE the LORD & HIS FAMILY LIVES (KEEP) DESCRIBE 3 DEFENSIVE FEATURES OF the castle DESCRIBE the 3 STAGES of becoming a medieval knight DESCRIBE the tournaments & jousts that you regularly participate in DESCRIBE your belief in the Code of CHIVALRY N. B. *** B A supporter of a named revolutionary leader (USA, France, Ireland), 1770-1803. Do not award marks for naming the revolutionary leader. In the case of George Washington, treat all material prior to the First Continental Congress as background, i. e. 1 SRS max. In the case of Robespierre, treat all material prior to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 as background, i. e. 1 SRS max. In the case of Wolfe Tone, treat all material prior to the founding of the United Irishmen as background, i. e. 1 SRS max.In the case of Robert Emmet, treat all material prior to his involvement with the United Irishmen as background, i. e. 1 SRS max. ESSAY PLAN NAME the leader who you are supporting NAME the country & time period (1765 1783) STATE YOUR REASONS for supporting the revolutionary leader i. e. taxes/ perturbation from colonial power etc. NAME the reasons why a revolution is taking place NAME & DESCRIBE AT LEAST TWO incidents where difference has occurred between the revolutionaries & the colonial power DESCRIBE how the RULING POWER is reacting to THIS REVOLUTIONARY & Revolution NAME & DESCRIBE any documents or beliefs expressed by this revolutionary leader or revolutionary group STATE what the revolutionary leader is aiming for i. e. a comi ng decisive battle B A named revolutionary leader (USA, France or Ireland) No marks for the revolutionary leaders name. If the material clearly relates to a particular revolutionary leader without the person being named, mark on its merits. In the case of George Washington, treat all material prior to the First Continental Congress as background, i. e. 1 SRS. In the case of Robespierre, treat all material prior to the outbreak of Revolution in1789 as background. In the case of Wolfe Tone, treat all material prior to the founding of the United Irishmen in 1791 as background. In the case of Robert Emmet, treat all material prior to his involvement with the United Irishmen as background. ESAY PLAN SAME AS ABOVE overlook FROM the REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS POINT OF VIEW B A factory/mine owner during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, c. 1850. If the tell is all from the perspective of the factory worker, Max CM = 8 Max OM =0.ESSAY PLAN (*** YOU are the factory owner) NAME the f actory/ mine owner STATE what fibre of factory/ mine you own NAME the part of England your factory is in DESCRIBE what your factory produces and where you sell/ exports your goods NAME & DESCRIBE how and where you get your raw materials i. e. coal, water-power etc. NAME the inventions that you use in your factory DESCRIBE how you transport your raw materials INTO your factory and how you transport your goods OUT of your factory DESCRIBE the workers who work in your factory, what hours they work, their working conditions and pay. DESCRIBE the living conditions of your workers and HOW you have attempted to make their lives better STATE what hobbies or leisure activities you like i. e. gambling, betting on bare-knuckle fights etc. A factory/ mine worker during the Industrial Revolution (As above EXCEPT from the WORKERS PERSPECTIVE) B A named leader in Irish independence struggle, 1916-1923. No marks for the leaders name. Background material i. e. pre-1916 = 1 SRS Post-1923 material = 1 SRS. ESSAY PLAN STATE where and when the leader was born STATE the background of the leader i. e. education/ work etc. NAME the organisation that the leader joined and WHEN NAME other people who the leader was associated with STATE the political beliefs of this leader STATE & DESCRIBE what role the leader played in the Irish Independence struggle e. g. Minister for Finance in the 1st Dail N. B. ** STATE whether or not this leader was part of the Sinn Fein delegation to London for the Anglo-Irish Treaty Negotiations of 1921 STATE whether this leader was PRO-TREATY or ANTI-TREATY in 1922/ 1923 GIVE THEIR REASONS for being PRO-TREATY or ANTI-TREATY DESCRIBE the rest of the leaders careerSection 5 Long Document Question (30 marks) Famine, Emigration & De-population in 19th Century Ireland (2004) Exploration, Vespucci & Impacts on Indigenous Populations (2005) Famine, Emigration & De-Population in 19th Century Ireland (2006) Reformation, Papal Bull & Counter-Ref ormation (2007) French & Irish Revolutions in 18th Century (2008) Plantations in 17th Century Ireland (2009) Exploration, Spanish & Portuguese (2010) countryfied Ireland & Industrial England in the 19th Century (2011) Structure of Question Part A Answers derived from 1st Source. USE QUOTATIONS & EVIDENCE from Source (8-10 marks)Part B Answers derived from 2nd/ tertiary Sources USE QUOTATIONS & EVIDENCE from Source or Contextual/ Background Information require on topic (8 10 marks) Part C Answer ONE from 3 Options Contextual/ Background Information required on topic (10 12 marks) Part C Usually requires a short paragraph answer worth 10 or 12 marks. It is important that you write at length on whatever topic you are asked e. g. Problems face by Irish Immigrants abroad or the Counter-Reformation in Europe.Ensure that you have at least 5 6 clear points of information on each of the following topics (next page) (Check the relevant webpages on the History site under Junior Ce rtificate History for examples of these) Part C Examples Counter-Reformation Consequences of the Reformation for Ireland Urbanisation, Health, Lifestyle & Pastimes of Industrial England Impact of Famine & Problems faced by Immigrants abroad Conflict between European Powers as a consequence of Exploration Impacts on indigenous Populations by Explorations Religious, Political & Cultural Impacts of Plantations in Ireland Brehon Law, Language & Customs Causes & Impacts of French, American & Irish Rebellions/ Revolutions Reign of Terror Section 6 (60 marks) Do two options from (A), (B), (C) and (D). (2 x 30 marks) Political Developments in 20th Century Ireland Question divided into 2 or 3 move short questions followed by 10 or 12 mark questions. The ten mark questions to be prepared are as follows 1) Home Rule Crisis 1912 1914 2) 1916 Rising 3) 1918 General Election 4) War of Independence 1919 1921 5) Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 (& split in Sinn Fein) 6) Irish Civil War 1922 19 23 7) Cumann na Gaedheal Government 1923 1932 ) DeValera & Dismantling the Treaty 1932 1938 9) The Emergency (neutrality) 1939 1945 10) The 1st Inter-Party Government 1948 1951 11) 1950s Ireland 12) Sean Lemass & 1960s Ireland (1st Programme for Economic Expansion) Also northern Ireland 1) N. Ireland during WWII 2) Civil Right Movement in late 1960s 3) The Troubles For key terms and short questions, check the webpage Political Developments in 20th Century Ireland on the History website under Junior Cert. History International Relations in the 20th Century Question divided into 2 or 3 parts short questions followed by 10 or 12 mark questions.Ten mark questions to be prepared are as follows 1) Lenin & Russian Revolution 1917 2) Treaty of Versailles 1919 3) Mussolinis Italy 4) Nazi Rise to Power 1927 1933 5) Nazi Germany 1933 1939 (Totalitarianism & Propaganda) 6) Hitlers Foreign Policy 1933 1939 7) World War II 8) The Cold War a) Berlin Blockade b) Korean War c) Cuban Missile Crisis For key terms and short questions, check the webpage International Relations in the 20th Century on the website under Junior Cert. History Reformation Rural Ireland, Famine & Industrial England in 19th Century Age of Exploration Plantations Age of Revolutions